tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-88760862017026999082024-02-19T19:02:27.509+07:00English E ♡ :::Blog Medela:::In this world of possibilities, something starts, something ends, but something never changes.nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.comBlogger133125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-10723278270155208832012-02-01T10:44:00.007+07:002012-03-03T10:49:03.253+07:00Phrasal verbs 1 (thefreedictionary.com)<div style="text-align: justify;">1. to buy into:</div><div style="text-align: justify;">* to acquire a stake or interest in: bought into a risky real estate venture</div><div style="text-align: justify;">* (informal) to believe in</div><div style="text-align: justify;">- There's nothing wrong if you buy into the goal and embrace it as your own.</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-16210089479133443552012-01-03T01:01:00.001+07:002012-01-17T00:01:50.311+07:00Những từ dễ gây thắc mắc<div style="text-align: justify;">1. turtle, tortoise</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-31814284591927889092012-01-02T01:01:00.016+07:002012-02-06T17:27:19.091+07:00Dictionary1<div style="text-align: justify;">* Armour plate (armor plate). Armor (armour): giáp sắt (áo giáp sắt, iron & steel). Armor plate: miếng đệm bằng sắt thép hình chữ nhật chống đạn ở ngực (áo chống đạn) (giống kiểu 'nhuyễn vị giáp' của Lão Đông tà).<br />
* cog (technology): Ta có, gear là bánh răng thì cog là răng của bánh răng. cogs.<br />
* fontanel (n) (Giải phẫu, y học): thóp (mũ che thóp cho trẻ sơ sinh, infants) (兒 chữ 'nhi' Tượng hình: Picture of a baby, the fontanel <a class="zh0" href="http://www.yellowbridge.com/chinese/character-etymology.php?searchChinese=1&zi=%E8%87%BC">臼</a> still open.)<br />
* lofty (a) (formal) (position): high; cao ngất; cao ngạo; cao thượng<br />
- a lofty ceiling/mountain/wall<br />
* matrilineal: matrilineal society xã hội mẫu hệ<br />
* pendant (n) [C]: mặt dây chuyền, dây chuyền (search Google Image)<br />
* penultimate (penult): áp chót, giáp chót, gần cuối (đứng ngay trước cái cuối cùng) Sau giáp chót là đến cái cuối cùng (the last)<br />
* predominantly (adv): phần lớn là, chủ yếu<br />
* saline <span class="prons "><span class="pron ">/ˈseɪ.laɪn/</span></span><span class="SEP "> (</span><span class="posabb " title="noun">n)</span><span class="SEP "> </span><span class="grams "><span class="SEP ">[</span><span class="gram " title="Uncountable noun: noun with no plural form. Cannot be used with 'a', 'an', or 'one'.">U</span><span class="SEP ">]</span></span><span class="SEP "> </span><span class="lab "><span class="usage " title="Used in connection with a particular area of work or study.">specialized</span></span>: nước muối sinh lý (!?)<br />
- saline soil; saline drip; saline injection/bottle/solution<br />
* scallion; scallion onion; spring onion. Scallion: hành hoa (hành hoa mà mình hay mua ở chợ ấy) (syn: leek)<br />
* scribe (n): người chép thuê<br />
* worn out (a) (tired): Worn or used until no longer usable or effective (hàng 'hết date'); exhausted; mòn, cũ kỹ, hư hỏng, mệt mỏi, già cỗi, mệt nhoài (do sử dụng quá nhiều lần)</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-78936414333646551032012-01-01T23:31:00.000+07:002012-01-06T23:39:02.713+07:00Delicious (E)<div style="text-align: justify;">1. (<a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/history-money.html">pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/history-money.html</a>) The history of money: cowrie shells, cattle, Ben Franklin bill<br />
* (<a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/mind-over-money.html">pbs.org/wgbh</a>) Mind over Money (mom)<br />
* (<a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/song-dynasty.html">pbs.org</a>) Thời đại phát minh của Trung Hoa (China's Age of Invention)<br />
* (<a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/history-of-the-samurai.html">pbs.org</a>) History of the Samurai (Japan)</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-46948351974655931232011-12-05T23:54:00.000+07:002011-12-05T23:54:13.187+07:00Spelling puzzles<div style="text-align: justify;">1. <span style="background-color: #b6d7a8; font-size: large;">forward vs. forwards</span>:<br />
- Answer (<a href="http://public.wsu.edu/%7Ebrians/errors/forward.html">public.wsu.edu</a>-Common errors in English usage) (<a href="http://www.grammarist.com/spelling/forward-forwards/">grammarist.com</a>/"When in doubt, use the safer <em>forward</em>.")<br />
- See more (<a href="http://public.wsu.edu/%7Ebrians/errors/errors.html#errors">public.wsu.edu</a>-List of errors)<br />
- Other cases: forward; toward; backward; leftward; rightward</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-2130995393046734962011-11-24T15:57:00.000+07:002011-11-24T15:57:06.433+07:00Copyright symbol ©<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b style="color: blue;"><span><span class="st">©</span></span></b></span><br />
* (<a href="http://www.conradaskland.com/blog/2006/12/how-to-type-a-copyright-symbol/">conradaskland.com/blog/2006/12/how-to-type-a-copyright-symbol</a>)<br />
* (<a href="http://www.iusmentis.com/copyright/symbol/">iusmentis.com/copyright/symbol</a>)<br />
* (<a href="http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/Issues/2008/Nov/StopExcelFromDisplayingtheCopyrightSymbolWhenYouWantC.htm">journalofaccountancy.com</a>)</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-70381237214524878612011-10-10T17:22:00.014+07:002012-01-06T23:27:54.740+07:00List (Upper-intermediate level)<div style="text-align: justify;">I. PART 1 (general):<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">azure </b>(a) (n) (color)<br />
* claw (n): móng vuốt<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">convenient<br />
* co<span style="color: red;">coon</span> (n) (cover)</b><br />
* cowrie (also cowry) (n):<span class="sense_b "><span class="def parentof__def__is__sense_b"> a small sea animal with a soft body and a brightly coloured shell, or the shell itself used in the past as money in parts of Africa and southern Asia</span></span>; tiền vỏ ốc<br />
- cowrie shells (vỏ sò dùng làm tiền trong quá khứ)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">differentiate</b> (vt)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">dissuade</b>: khuyên can, can ngăn (See: prohibition, dissuasion)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">errand</b>: việc vặt (đưa thư, đi mua thuốc lá, đi chợ, etc.)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">fudge</b> (n) (U): kẹo mềm (mixed of sugar, butter & milk); chuyện vớ vẩn!<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">generous</b>: rộng lượng, khoan hòa (<b style="color: blue;">마음이 넓다</b>) (tính cách)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">gorgeous</b><br />
* guru<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">hiss</b> (vti)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">inferior</b> <span class="prons "><span class="pron ">/ɪnˈfɪə.ri.ə<span class="sp ">r</span>/ </span></span>(noun: inferiority <i>compare</i> superiority)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">invert</b> <span class="prons "><span class="pron ">/ɪnˈvɜːt/ </span></span>(vt, formal) (see: <b style="color: blue;">reverse</b>): đảo ngược, nghịch đảo; inverted (adj) (see: ảnh âm bản, cuộn phim âm bản)<br />
* <b><a href="http://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/lag">lag</a></b> (internet)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">larynx</b> (Medicine) (n): thanh quản<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">median</b> (Maths): trung tuyến (~middle; medial (linguistics): âm giữa, âm đệm)<br />
* mortar (n): cái cối; súng cối<br />
*<b style="color: blue;"> novice</b><br />
* <b style="color: blue;">one-sided love</b>: tình đơn phương (<b style="color: red;">짝사랑</b>, unrequited love)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">prefect</b>: cảnh sát trưởng Paris; quận trưởng; prefecture: quận, state, district (See meaning in: Japan, France, the Romance Empire)<br />
* profound: uyên thâm; thâm thúy; sâu thẳm; đòi hỏi phải suy nghĩ nhiều<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">prohibition</b>: cấm, lệnh cấm<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">reiterate</b> (vt) (formal) (Saying again): to say sth again, once or several times; reiteration (n) (Lời nói gián tiếp - Indirect speech)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">relevant</b> (opp. <b style="color: blue;">irrelevant</b>)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">snippet</b> (n) (Blog; google): đoạn trích ngắn (của 1 bài báo, của 1 entry trong blog, etc. Cái này cứ sd blog sẽ hiểu snippet là gì.)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">soprano</b> <span class="prons "><span class="pron ">/səˈprɑː.nəʊ/ (Music, Opera): giọng nữ cao</span></span> <br />
* <b style="color: blue;">startled</b>: giật mình (ví dụ khi nhìn hóa đơn thanh toán chẳng hạn), hoảng hốt kinh ngạc, ngạc nhiên há hốc mồm<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">streak</b> (n): vệt (cái từ này chơi bài chơi bạc nhiều sẽ biết nó có nghĩa là 'vận' - vận đỏ đen, thắng thua) Còn nghĩa thông thường của nó là vệt. Đọc ví dụ sau sẽ rõ hơn:<br />
<div class="examp "><span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">- The window cleaner has left dirty streaks on the windows. (vệt bẩn)</span></div><div class="examp "><span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">- I dye my hair to hide my grey streaks. (tóc bạc)</span></div><div class="examp "><span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp">- Meteors produce streaks <b class="b ">of</b> light as they burn up in the Earth's atmosphere. (vệt sáng)</span></div>* <b style="color: blue;">subordinate</b> (see: an subordinate or an equal)<br />
____<br />
II. PART 2: (communicate)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">baffle</b><br />
* <b style="color: blue;">goose bumps</b> (bump (v) (to hit, va đập, va vào)) (<a href="http://www.englishbaby.com/lessons/1660/slang/goose_bumps">englishbaby.com</a>): sởn da gà, sởn gai ốc, nổi da gà, lạnh toát gáy (cảm giác sợ hãi cái gì đó hoặc cảm thấy lạnh)<br />
- I've got goose bumps!<br />
- That gave me goose bumps.<br />
____<br />
III. PART 3 (Thuật ngữ):<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">sandhi</b> (linguistics): hiện tượng Sandhi; hiện tượng chuyển âm theo ngữ cảnh. Eg. Chinese tone sandhi (rule về sự biến đổi tone trong tiếng Trung)<br />
* saline; saline bottle; saline soil<br />
___<br />
Phrases:<br />
* (her/his) <b style="color: blue;">ancestral home</b>: quê quán tổ tiên, nguyên quán (quê gốc, không nhất thiết phải là nơi sinh ra)<br />
* <b style="color: blue;">mentally retarded</b> (person) (_downy '1 lần xả')</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-58581343652400356372011-10-01T03:49:00.001+07:002011-12-05T23:36:47.705+07:00Using verbs...<div style="text-align: justify;">1. to wish<br />
-(<a href="http://www.english-at-home.com/grammar/using-wish/">english-at-home.com</a>/grammar/using-wish/)<br />
-(<a href="http://www.perfectyourenglish.com/usage/wish.htm">perfectyourenglish.com</a>/usage/wish.htm)<br />
-(<a href="http://esl.about.com/od/grammarintermediate/a/noncontinuous.htm">esl.about.com</a>/od/grammarintermediate/a/noncontinuous.htm)</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-72722288171500659112011-09-02T15:17:00.000+07:002011-09-02T15:17:10.202+07:00Labels<div style="text-align: justify;">* <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge">Routledge</a> is a British publishing house.</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-6784750566096249662011-07-01T22:19:00.007+07:002011-10-06T22:25:51.464+07:00Thuật ngữ nào đó...<div style="text-align: justify;">* steal one's thunder: Someone 'steals your thunder' when they use your ideas or inventions to their own advantage.(<a href="http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/steal-ones-thunder.html">phrases.org.uk</a>) <br />
* thunder thumb<br />
</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-42238257616239851612011-06-23T17:46:00.000+07:002011-06-23T17:46:54.118+07:00Welcome in Botswana<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">(<a href="http://www.explore-botswana.com/content/view/13/31/lang,en/">explore-botswana</a>.com)</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span><strong>General</strong></span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span><div align="left" class="MsoNormal">The republic of Botswana is completely surrounded by other countries, namely Namibia, Zimbabwe, Zambia and the Republic of South Africa, and is located in the south of Africa. Botswana has currently approximately 1.5 million inhabitants. The former British protectorate Bechuanaland adapted the current name after independence in 1966. The capital and largest city of the country is Gaborone.</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><strong><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Botswana Kalahari" border="1" height="225" src="http://www.explore-botswana.com/main/Botswana%20Sunset.jpg" title="Botswana Kalahari" width="300" /></div></strong></div><br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><strong>History</strong></div>In 1837, the Afrikaners were the first ones who took the current Botswana into their hands. The former Bechuanaland became part of the British protectorate in 1885, which lasted till 1966. Some years before the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) was established and won the first elections. Bechuanaland became independent 30 September 1966, and Seretse Khama became first president. The name Bechuanaland was officially changed into Botswana. The post of Prime Minister is erased and Botswana became a parliament democracy. After the dead of Seretse Khama he is succeeded by Ketumile Masire. Botswana becomes member of the SADCC (South African Development Coordination Conference). In 1998 Ketumile Masire is succeeded by Festus Gontebanye Mogae. He keeps this position untill 2008. From 2008 till present Ian Khama is president of Botswana. <br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><strong>Geography</strong></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal">On an average, Botswana is located at an altitude of 1000m and is mostly dry highlands. In the east of Botswana there are more hills. The Kalahari desert stretches out over the south and west of Botswana. In the north of Botswana the river Okavango flows, which end in a huge swamp, named the Okavango Delta. </div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><strong><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Botswana map" border="1" height="226" src="http://www.explore-botswana.com/main/botswana_map.jpg" title="Botswana map" width="353" /></div></strong></div><strong>Climate </strong><br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal">Botswana’s climate differs per region, and depends on local rainfall. The rainfall varies in the inlands from around 20 cm per year, while in the north this is more than 64 cm rain per year. There is a subtropical climate, but there are also long dry periods. The only and best possibility for visiting National Parks in Botswana is in the dry season (May – October).</div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><strong>Population</strong></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal">The population of Botswana exists mainly out of the Tswana (79%), an ethnical group who speak a Bantoe language. This population is divided in eight important subgroups. There are also small numbers of Kalanga (11%), Basarwa (3%), Kgalagadi and white people. Even though English is the official language, the local Tswana language commonly used. Half of the population is Christian. The other half believes in traditional religions. </div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><img alt="Botswana San" border="1" height="216" src="http://www.explore-botswana.com/main/Botswana%20Bushmen.jpg" title="Botswana San" width="448" /></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Currency</strong></span></div></span></span><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><span>The local currency is the pula. Pula means 'rain' in Setswana language. One pula is worth one hundred thebe, which means 'shield'. Kinds of coins available: 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 thebe and 1 and 2 pula. The notes are available in 10, 20, 50 and 100 pula. Up till 1920, the pound Sterling was used in Botswana, which was followed by the South African pound. In 1961 two South African pounds were traded for one South African rand. Finally, in 1976 the pula was introduced with an exchange rate of 1:1. <br />
In the area between Francistown and Gaborone there are hardly no ATM’s. It is possible to pay by credit card or exchange money at the larger accommodations, but they might ask an extra fee for this. Euro’s or US dollars can be exchanged at most of the lodges.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><span><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Botswana Pula" height="127" src="http://www.explore-botswana.com/main/Botswana%20Pula.jpg" style="height: 127px; width: 219px;" title="Botswana Pula" width="219" /></div></span></div><span><strong>Flora and Fauna</strong></span><br />
<span>The natural division of vegetation in Botswana depends strongly on the rain fall. The largest part of Botswana exists of savannah areas, only small parts of Botswana exist of forests. The most appearing trees are the Acacia and Mopane trees. The largest forests can be found in the north, at the shores of the Chobe river. <br />
Botswana is known for its large diversity in animals, the most African wild species can be found here. Botswana has lately been very protective against poachers in comparison with other African countries. According to the statistics, the country has around 164 kinds of mammals, 157 kinds of reptiles, 80 kinds of fishes, 550 kinds of birds and countless sorts of insects. <br />
The government has reserved thousands of square kilometers as protected area. Some of these protected areas are Chobe National Park in the North, Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Moremi Game Reserve in the Okavango Delta and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park at the border of South Africa.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span><div align="left" style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Botswana lion" border="1" height="300" src="http://www.explore-botswana.com/main/Botswana%20Lion.jpg" title="Botswana lion" width="448" /></div></span></span><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Language</strong></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><span>The official language is English, besides that many different local languages are spoken, such as Mbukushu, Naro, Subiya, Tswana, Kalanga (150.000 speakers), Afrikaans (20.000 speakers), Herero (20.000 speakers), and Birwa (15.000 speakers).</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Visa</strong></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><span>For most western countries no visa are requirred. This is the case for inhabitants of the Netherlands, Belgium, UK, USA, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, etc. All visitors do need a passport, which has to be valid for al least 6 months after departure. Valid travel and driving documents are necessary, and visitors should bring in enough money to pay for their stay in Botswana. Visitors can obtain a tourist visa for a period of maximum 90 days per calendar year.</span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Health</strong></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><span>A journey to Botswana requires a DTP (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Polio) vaccination and in some areas Hepetitis A is advisable. When coming from a yellow fever area, a yellow fever vaccination is compulsory. The north of Botswana (f.e Okavango and Chobe) is a malaria risk area. You can protect yourself by wearing long clothes and to use malaria profylaxes. Some medications need to be taken a while before you go, and even when you return home. For professional advice please advice your doctor or a travel clinic.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal"><span><img alt="Botswana Springbok" border="1" height="336" src="http://www.explore-botswana.com/main/Botswana%20Springbok.jpg" title="Botswana Springbok" width="448" /></span></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><span><strong>Economy</strong></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span>For the biggest part of the population, small-scale agriculture and stock-breeding is the most important source of income. In most cases, only a few people of a large family has a paid job. The rest takes care of the farm. The country’s water shortening, and a continuous lack on enough facilities have delayed agricultural growth. Only a small part of the country is cultivated.<br />
Around the time of independence, the only minerals found in Botswana were manganese, gold and asbestos. Since that time large nickel and copper sources has been found, as well as salt. There are also huge coal mines, sources of antimony, sulphur, plutonium and platin. The three diamond mines are the most important for local economy. These mines represent nowadays one of the larges diamond reserves in the world.<br />
The large number of game parks attract many tourists and are therefore also a huge income source. Especially the Okavango Delta is internationally famous, a river that dies out in the Kalahari desert, and therefore created an enormously and unique nature area. </span><span> <div align="left" class="MsoNormal"><strong>Politics</strong></div><div align="left" class="MsoNormal">Botswana is a parliamentary republic with multiple parties, that operates under the constitution of 1966. The country is headed by a president, who is as well head of state as leader of government, and serves for a period of 5 years. At this moment, since 1 April 2008, the president is Ian khama, (party: Botswana Democratic Party). The government consists of two Chambers: one House of Chiefs, which consists of 15 seats and where the most important tribe leaders hold position. The second one is the National Assemblée, which consists of 47 seats (40 chosen, 7 named by the president) with an term of office of 5 years. The most important politic parties are the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Botswana National Front (BNF), Botswana People’s Party (BPP) and the Botswana Independence Party (BIP). </div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-1117211639557049072011-06-15T02:16:00.004+07:002011-06-15T02:16:00.422+07:00Angkor Wat, Cambodia<div style="text-align: justify;">(Source: <a href="http://sacredsites.com/asia/cambodia/angkor_wat.html">sacredsites</a>.com)<br />
There are two great complexes of ancient temples in Southeast Asia, one at Bagan in Burma, the other at Angkor in Cambodia. The temples of Angkor, built by the Khmer civilization between 802 and 1220 AD, represent one of humankind's most astonishing and enduring architectural achievements. From Angkor the Khmer kings ruled over a vast domain that reached from Vietnam to China to the Bay of Bengal. The structures one sees at Angkor today, more than 100 stone temples in all, are the surviving remains of a grand religious, social and administrative metropolis whose other buildings - palaces, public buildings, and houses - were built of wood and have long since decayed and disappeared.<br />
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Conventional theories presume the lands where Angkor stands were chosen as a settlement site because of their strategic military position and agricultural potential. Alternative scholars, however, believe the geographical location of the Angkor complex and the arrangement of its temples was based on a planet-spanning sacred geography from archaic times. Using computer simulations, it has been shown that the ground plan of the Angkor complex – the terrestrial placement of its principal temples - mirrors the stars in the constellation of Draco at the time of spring equinox in 10,500 BC. While the date of this astronomical alignment is far earlier than any known construction at Angkor, it appears that its purpose was to architecturally mirror the heavens in order to assist in the harmonization of the earth and the stars. Both the layout of the Angkor temples and the iconographic nature of much its sculpture, particularly the asuras (‘demons’) and devas (‘deities’) are also intended to indicate the celestial phenomenon of the precession of the equinoxes and the slow transition from one astrological age to another.<br />
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At the temple of Phnom Bakheng there are 108 surrounding towers. The number 108, considered sacred in both Hindu and Buddhist cosmologies, is the sum of 72 plus 36 (36 being ½ of 72). The number 72 is a primary number in the sequence of numbers linked to the earth’s axial precession, which causes the apparent alteration in the position of the constellations over the period of 25,920 years, or one degree every 72 years. Another mysterious fact about the Angkor complex is its location 72 degrees of longitude east of the Pyramids of Giza. The temples of Bakong, Prah Ko and Prei Monli at Roluos, south of the main Angkor complex, are situated in relation to each other in such a way that they mirror the three stars in the Corona Borealis as they appeared at dawn on the spring equinox in 10,500 BC. It is interesting to note that the Corona Borealis would not have been visible from these temples during the 10th and 11th centuries when they were constructed.<br />
<br />
Angkor Wat, built during the early years of the 12th century by Suryavaram II, honors the Hindu god Vishnu and is a symbolic representation of Hindu cosmology. Consisting of an enormous temple symbolizing the mythic Mt. Meru, its five inter-nested rectangular walls and moats represent chains of mountains and the cosmic ocean. The short dimensions of the vast compound are precisely aligned along a north-south axis, while the east-west axis has been deliberately diverted 0.75 degrees south of east and north of west, seemingly in order to give observers a three day anticipation of the spring equinox.<br />
<br />
Unlike other temples at Angkor, Ta Prohm has been left as it was found, preserved as an example of what a tropical forest will do to an architectural monument when the protective hands of humans are withdrawn. Ta Prohm's walls, roofs, chambers and courtyards have been sufficiently repaired to stop further deterioration, and the inner sanctuary has been cleared of bushes and thick undergrowth, but the temple has been left in the stranglehold of trees. Having planted themselves centuries ago, the tree's serpentine roots pry apart the ancient stones and their immense trunks straddle the once bustling Buddhist temple. Built in the later part of the 12th century by Jayavarman VII, Ta Prohm is the terrestrial counterpart of the star Eta Draconis the Draco constellation.<br />
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During half-millennia of Khmer occupation, the city of Angkor became a pilgrimage destination of importance throughout Southeastern Asia. Sacked by the Thais in 1431 and abandoned in 1432, Angkor was forgotten for a few centuries. Wandering Buddhist monks, passing through the dense jungles, occasionally came upon the awesome ruins. Recognizing the sacred nature of the temples but ignorant of their origins, they invented fables about the mysterious sanctuaries, saying they had been built by the gods in a far ancient time. Centuries passed, these fables became legends, and pilgrims from the distant reaches of Asia sought out the mystic city of the gods. A few adventurous European travelers knew of the ruins and stories circulated in antiquarian circles of a strange city lost in the jungles. Most people believed the stories to be nothing more than legend, however, until the French explorer Henri Mouhot brought Angkor to the world's attention in 1860. The French people were enchanted with the ancient city and beginning in 1908 funded and superbly managed an extensive restoration project. The restoration has continued to the present day, excepting periods in the 70's and 80's when military fighting prevented archaeologists from living near the ruins.<br />
<br />
Orthodox archaeologists sometimes interpret the temples of the Angkor complex as tombs of megalomaniacal kings yet in reality those kings designed and constructed the temples as a form of service to both god and their own subjects. The temples were places not for the worship of the kings but rather for the worship of god. Precisely aligned with the stars, constructed as vast three dimensional yantras and adorned with stunningly beautiful religious art, the Angkor temples were instruments for assisting humans in their realization of the divine.<br />
<br />
Jayavaram VII, spoke of his intentions in erecting temples as being:<br />
<br />
“full of deep sympathy for the good of the world, so as to bestow on men the ambrosia of remedies to win them immortality….By virtue of these good works would that I might rescue all those who are struggling in the ocean of existence.”<br />
<br />
</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-73299312975214362982011-06-15T02:04:00.003+07:002011-06-15T02:04:00.408+07:00Borobudur Stupa, Java, Indonesia<div style="text-align: justify;">(Source: <a href="http://sacredsites.com/asia/indonesia/borobudur_stupa.html">sacredsites</a>.com)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sometime before the 5th century AD, the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism spread southward from the mainland of southeast Asia to the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali and a few others in the archipelago currently called Indonesia. (It is misleading to think of all of Indonesia as either an ancient empire or the province of any particular religion. The vast archipelago of over 13,000 islands became the nation of Indonesia only in 1949 and only a few of its major islands were ever settled or much influenced by Hinduism, Buddhism or Islam). There are no archaeological remains of temples in the Indianized states of Java prior to the end of the 7th century as the early Hindu structures were built of wood and have long since decayed in the moist tropic climate. The first stone temples, Shiva shrines constructed during the 8th century, are found high on the Dieng plateau, the name Dieng meaning 'the place of the gods'. The greatest concentration of Javanese sacred architecture, however, lies on the plain of Kedu, some 42 kilometers north-west of the present city of Yogyakarta. Here stands the beautiful Hindu temple complex of Prambanam and the world famous Hindu/Buddhist temple of Borobudur.<br />
Borobudur, a name deriving from an expression meaning 'Mountain of accumulation of merits of the ten states of Bodhisattva' is commonly thought of as a Buddhist structure, yet its initial construction was planned and conducted by Hindu builders sometime around 775 AD. The enormous first and second terraces were completed by a declining Hindu dynasty, construction was then halted for some years, and later, from 790 to 835 AD, the Buddhist Sailendra dynasty continued and finally completed the great stupa. The huge stone mass might have then been permanently abandoned, for it was difficult to adapt to the needs of Buddhism. However, leaving in evidence such an obvious manifestation of Hinduism was probably not deemed politically correct and thus the unfinished Shiva temple was transformed into the world's largest Buddhist stupa. After 832 AD the Hindu dynasty of Sanjaya began to reunify central Java and soon reappropriated the Buddhist monuments built by the Sailendra. Although the Sanjaya were themselves Hindu, they ruled over a Buddhist majority and thus, while some Hindu modifications and ornamentations were done on Borobudur, the stupa remained a place of Buddhist use. During the 10th and 11th centuries there was a transfer of power from central Java to the east, and the great stupa fell into decline. For centuries the site lay forgotten, buried under layers of volcanic ash and jungle growth. In 1815 Europeans cleared the site, in the early 1900's the Dutch began its restoration, and a US$21 million project begun in 1973 completed the work.<br />
The Borobudur stupa is a massive, symetrical monument, 200 square meters in size, sitting upon a low sculptured hill. The monument represents a Buddhist cosmological model of the universe organized around the axis of mythical Mt. Meru. Starting at the eastern gateway, pilgrims circumambulate the stupa, always in a clockwise direction. Walking through nearly five kilometers of open air corridors while ascending through six square terraces and three circular ones, the pilgrim symbolically spirals upward from the everyday world to the nirvanic state of absolute nothingness. The first six terraces are filled with richly decorated relief panels in which the sculptors have carved a textbook of Buddhist doctrines and a fascinating panorama of 9th century Javanese life. Upon the upper three terraces are 72 small stupas, each containing a statue of the Buddha (these statues are usually headless; relic hunters stole many of the heads, others are in museums). Crowning the entire structure is a great central stupa. Representing Nirvana, it is empty.</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-82612967058150016872011-05-15T23:25:00.000+07:002011-05-16T02:12:24.520+07:004 kinds of conjunctions<div style="text-align: justify;"><Reference sources: <a href="http://www.towson.edu/ows/conjunctions.htm">towson.edu</a>; <a href="http://www.suite101.com/content/correct-usage-of-conjunctions-a139843">suite101.com</a>; <a href="http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/conjunctions-subordinating.htm">englishclub.com</a>><br />
There are four kinds of conjunctions:<br />
<b>I/</b> Coordinating conjunctions<br />
<b>II/</b> Subordinating conjunctions<br />
<b>III/</b> Correlative conjunctions<br />
<b>IV/</b> Conjunctive adverbs<br />
________<br />
<b><u>I/ Coordinating conjunctions</u></b>:<br />
<b><u>1.</u></b> The seven coordinating conjunctions are short, simple words. FANBOYS is a mnemonic which stands for these seven coordinating conjunctions' initials spell. They are: <b style="color: blue;">for</b>,<b style="color: blue;"> and</b>, <b style="color: blue;">nor</b>, <b style="color: blue;">but</b>, <b style="color: blue;">or</b>, <b style="color: blue;">yet</b>, & <b style="color: blue;">so</b>.<br />
<b><u>2.</u></b> Coordinating conjunctions just join equals to one another. In other words, they always join similar elements. For example:<br />
- words to words: Most children like cookies <b style="color: blue;">and</b> milk.<br />
- phrases to phrases: The gold is hidden at the beach <b style="color: blue;">or</b> by the lakeside.<br />
- clauses to clauses: What u say <b style="color: blue;">and</b> what u do are two different things.<br />
<b><u>3.</u></b> Coordinating conjunctions usually form looser connections than other conjunctions do.<br />
- Ann was late for work, <b style="color: blue;">and</b> she received a cut in pay.<i style="color: #783f04;"><span style="color: #783f04;"> (</span>very loose</i><i><span style="color: #783f04;">)</span></i><br />
- Ann was late for work, <b style="color: blue;">so</b> she received a cut in pay. <i style="color: #783f04;"><span style="color: #783f04;">(</span>loose</i><i><span style="color: #783f04;">)</span></i><br />
- <b><span style="color: blue;">Because</span></b> Ann was late for work, she received a cut in pay. (subordinating conjunction) <i><span style="color: #783f04;">(tighter)</span></i> <br />
<b><u>4.</u></b> Coordinating conjunctions go<b> <u>in between</u> </b>items joined, not at the beginning or end.<br />
- I like coffee, <b style="color: blue;">but</b> I don't like tea. (in between items joined)<br />
<b><u>5.</u></b> Punctuation:<br />
<b style="color: red;">*</b> A coordinating conjunction joining just two items doesn't need a comma before the conjunction.<br />
- cookies <b style="color: blue;">and</b> milk<br />
<b style="color: red;">*</b> A coordinating conjunction joining three or more items creates a series and requires commas between the elements.<br />
- peanuts<b style="color: blue;">,</b> cookies<b style="color: blue;">,</b> <b style="color: blue;">and</b> milk<br />
- in the mountains<b style="color: blue;">,</b> at the beach<b style="color: blue;">,</b> <b style="color: blue;">or </b>by the lakeside<br />
- what u think<b style="color: blue;">,</b> what u say<b style="color: blue;">,</b> <b style="color: blue;">and </b>what u do<br />
<b style="color: red;">*</b> A coordinating conjunction joining two <i>independent clauses</i> creates a compound sentence and requires a comma before this coordinating conjunction.<br />
- Ann ate all the peanuts, <b style="color: blue;">so </b>Tom ate the cookies.<br />
- I don't care for the beach,<b style="color: blue;"> but</b> I enjoy a good vacation in the mountains.<br />
<br />
<b><u>II/ Subordinating conjunctions</u></b>:<br />
* The majority of conjunctions are '<i>subordinating conjunctions</i>'. These words are commonly used as subordinating conjunctions:<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td colspan="3" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 198, 198); border: 1pt solid rgb(146, 8, 28); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 419.4pt;" valign="top" width="559"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Subordinating conjunctions (for examples)</b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">1. after</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">2. although</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">3. as</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">4. as far as</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">5. as soon as</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">6. as if</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">7. as though</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">8. because</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">9. before</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">10. even if</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">11. even though</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">12. how</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">13. if</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">14. inasmuch as</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">15. in case (that)</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">16. in order (that)</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">17. insofar as</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">18. in that</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">19. lest</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">20. no matter how</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">21. now that</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">22. once</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">23. provided (that)</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">24. since</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">25. so that</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">26. supposing (that)</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">27. than</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">28. that</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">29. though</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">30. till</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">31. unless</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">32. until</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">33. when</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">34. whenever</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">35. where</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">36. wherever</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.4pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">37. whether</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 153pt;" valign="top" width="204"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">38. while</div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(254, 230, 232); border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(150, 0, 61) rgb(150, 0, 61) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 144pt;" valign="top" width="192"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">39. why</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><b><u>1.</u></b> A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate clause (<i>dependent clause</i>) to a main clause (<i>independent clause</i>).<br />
- <b style="color: blue;">Because</b> it's raining, we have an umbrella.<br />
• <u>Main clause</u>: we have an umbrella<br />
• <u>Subordinate clause</u>: because it's raining<br />
<b><u>2.</u></b> A subordinating conjunction may appear at a sentence beginning or between two clauses in a sentence.<br />
- <b style="color: blue;">Because</b> it's raining, we have an umbrella.<br />
- We have an umbrella <b style="color: blue;">because</b> it's raining.<br />
<b><u>3.</u></b> A subordinating conjunction usually provides a tighter connection between clauses than a coordinating conjunction does.<br />
- It's raining, <b style="color: blue;">so</b> we have an umbrella. (coordinating conjunction) <i><span style="color: #783f04;">(loose)</span></i><br />
- <b style="color: blue;">Because</b> it's raining, we have an umbrella. <i style="color: #783f04;">(tight)</i><br />
<b><u>4.</u></b> Punctuation note:<br />
<b style="color: red;">*</b> Subordinate clause + <b>a comma</b> + main clause.<br />
- <b style="color: blue;">Because</b> it's raining, we have an umbrella.<br />
<b style="color: red;">*</b> Main clause + subordinate clause.<br />
- We have an umbrella <b style="color: blue;">because</b> it's raining.<br />
<br />
<b><u>III/ Correlative conjunctions</u></b>:<br />
<b><u>1.</u></b> Correlative conjunctions work together in pairs. They include: <b style="color: blue;">either...or</b>; <b style="color: blue;">neither...nor</b>; <b style="color: blue;">not only...but also</b>; &<b style="color: blue;"> both...and</b>.<br />
<b><u>2.</u></b> These pairs of conjunctions require equal (parallel) structures after each other.<br />
- Ann wants <b style="color: blue;">not only</b> money <b style="color: blue;">but also</b> fame.<br />
- Ann <b style="color: blue;">not only</b> wants money <b style="color: blue;">but also</b> wants fame.<br />
<br />
<b><u>IV/ Conjunctive adverbs</u></b>:<br />
<b style="color: red;">*</b> Although conjunctive adverbs can be used simply as adverbs, they can also be used as connectives to link two or more <i><b>independent clauses</b></i> and establish certain relationships between those clauses. The following are frequently used conjunctive adverbs.<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(235, 232, 254); border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 80); border-style: solid; border-width: 1.5pt 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">29. thus</div></td> <td colspan="3" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(207, 199, 253); border-color: rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1.5pt 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 333pt;" valign="top" width="444"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b>Conjunctive adverbs (for examples)</b></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">1. after all</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">2. also</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">3. as a result</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">4. besides</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">5. consequently</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">6. finally</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">7. for example</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">8. furthermore</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">9. hence</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">10. however</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">11. in addition</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">12. incidentally</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">13. indeed</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">14. in fact</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">15. in other words</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">16. instead</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">17. likewise</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">18. meanwhile</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">19. moreover</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">20. nevertheless</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">21. next</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">22. nonetheless</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">23. on the contrary</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">24. on the other hand</div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1.5pt 1.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.4pt;" valign="top" width="127"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">25. otherwise</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">26. still</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">27. then</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(0, 0, 80) rgb(0, 0, 80) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1.5pt 1.5pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117pt;" valign="top" width="156"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">28. therefore</div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><b style="color: red;">*</b> Punctuation note: Place a semicolon before the conjunctive adverb and a comma after this conjunctive adverb.<br />
- The tire was flat; <b style="color: blue;">therefore</b>, we called a service station.<br />
- It was a hot day; <b style="color: blue;">nevertheless</b>, the roofers worked on the project all day.</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-67726347965335884112011-05-15T20:54:00.000+07:002011-05-15T17:29:31.147+07:00Versus (3)<div style="text-align: justify;">1. less or lesser? (<a href="http://englishplus.com/news/news0701.htm">englishplus</a>.com)<br />
2. principle or principal? (grammar.<a href="http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/principal-versus-principle.aspx">quickanddirtytips</a>.com audio support)<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeQkiDHZvBU4bxLsPuc4utu57qGFFb7ZjVD42YCAznwapq04cCvmVqdZQPI1E-IsBvKDJl2qdvi2kpkVAlF3Y_aJBncQpW9Y3vhll5oLWAcugpQwoc96HV8FkKjX0tP_RIYMa1j19XKoU/s1600/principal+tumblr_l7trnrtZpq1qbolbn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeQkiDHZvBU4bxLsPuc4utu57qGFFb7ZjVD42YCAznwapq04cCvmVqdZQPI1E-IsBvKDJl2qdvi2kpkVAlF3Y_aJBncQpW9Y3vhll5oLWAcugpQwoc96HV8FkKjX0tP_RIYMa1j19XKoU/s200/principal+tumblr_l7trnrtZpq1qbolbn.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://theyuniversity.tumblr.com/post/1020986144/principle-vs-principal">pal (informal)</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>(<a href="http://www.dailywritingtips.com/principle-principal/">dailywritingtips</a>.com/principle-principal/)<br />
Principle and principal are easily confused. It doesn’t help that they are homophones, which means they sound alike. Here’s a guide to what they mean and how you can tell them apart.<br />
<br />
Principle<br />
The word principle means a standard, a law or a rule. This means you can have:<br />
<br />
* the principles of economics, which are the laws that govern economic theory<br />
* moral principles, which are the rules and standards that govern your behavior<br />
<br />
Principal<br />
The word principal usually refers to a person. Remember that it ends in ‘pal’, which is a person. A principal can be:<br />
<br />
* the head of a school<br />
* the head of an organization<br />
* the main person involved in a contract or financial negotiation<br />
<br />
Putting It All Together<br />
If you remember that principal is a person, then you can easily make sense of this sentence:<br />
<br />
The principal taught us the first principle of social responsibility.</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-91488109912746895762011-05-15T20:25:00.000+07:002011-05-15T17:34:57.409+07:00Thành lập từ (prefix, suffix, etc.)<div style="text-align: justify;">-guish: extinguish; distinguish<br />
1. ex<b style="color: #660000;">tin</b>guish <span class="prons "><span class="pron ">/ɪkˈstɪŋ.gwɪʃ/</span></span><span class="SEP "> </span>(vt): dập tắt; làm phá hủy, tiêu tan<br />
- It took the fire-fighters several hour to extinguish the flame.<br />
- to extinguish a cigarette<br />
___________<br />
-some: fearsome; handsome; lonesome; troublesome; meddlesome<br />
==============================<br />
ex:<br />
* excommunicate: rút phép thông công (~ bị nhà thờ tẩy chay)</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-48241720822203493562011-05-15T19:28:00.000+07:002011-05-15T17:39:48.035+07:00Irregular verbs<div style="text-align: justify;">* <a href="http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/irregular-verbs-list.htm">englishclub.com</a> Irregular verbs list (dream - dreamed/dreamt - dreamed/dreamt)<br />
* <a href="http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/irregular-verbs/spell.html">usingenglish.com</a> Irregular verbs following a similar pattern<br />
1. flee - fled - fled (run away to find safety)<br />
2. fly - flew - flown<br />
3. spread - spread - spread<br />
4. seek - sought - sought<br />
5. overrun - overran - overrun<br />
6. sit - sat - sat</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-79656591522016381852011-05-15T17:05:00.001+07:002011-05-28T13:20:05.628+07:00double vowels problem<div style="text-align: justify;">1. to<span style="color: red;"> </span><b style="color: #990000;">qua</b>rrel; quarrelled (UK); quarreled (US)<br />
- What did u quarrelled about/over?<br />
2. to re<b style="color: #990000;">bel</b>; rebelled (v)<br />
3. to travel; travelled (Brit); traveled (US)<br />
4. win; winning<br />
5. incurred (chịu, gánh)<br />
6. to transfer <span class="prons "><span class="pron ">/trænsˈfɜː<span class="sp ">r</span>/</span><img alt="" class="ussymbol" src="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/external/images/ussymbol.png" title="" /><span class="pron ">/ˈtræns.fɝː/</span></span><span class="SEP "> </span><span class="posabb " title="verb">(v</span><span class="SEP ">) </span><b style="color: #990000;"><span class="infgrp "><span class="SEP "> (</span><span class="infl "><span class="inf ">-rr-</span></span><span class="SEP ">)</span></span></b>; transferred; transfered (tùy thuộc trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ nhất hay là âm tiết thứ hai; It's up to the verb be stressed at its first syllable or second one.)</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-54859889637857713972011-05-15T16:43:00.004+07:002011-06-24T23:32:46.917+07:00Versus (2)<div style="text-align: justify;">1. less or lesser?<br />
2. principle or principal?<br />
3. specially or especially? (<a href="http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000287.htm">englishplus</a>.com; answers.<a href="http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091008212758AA8Aq4C">yahoo</a>.com)<br />
4. every time <strike>[everytime]</strike><br />
5. ambience or ambiance (<a href="http://www.gearslutz.com/board/post-production-forum/388181-ambience-vs-ambiance.html">gearslutz</a>.com); (wiki.<a href="http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Is_ambience_or_ambiance_correct">answers</a>.com); (<a href="http://englishwithsunil.wordpress.com/2010/09/30/ambience-and-ambiance/">englishwithsunil</a>.wordpress.com)</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-61832862271828048202011-05-15T16:16:00.000+07:002011-05-15T17:15:21.514+07:00Adverbs<div style="text-align: justify;">1. roughly (adv) (not exactly): approximately<br />
- The two armies were roughly the same size, but there were important differences between them.<br />
2. merely (adv): just; only; simply (<span class="sense_b "><span class="def parentof__def__is__sense_b">used to emphasize that you mean exactly what you are saying and nothing more)</span></span><br />
- I wasn't complaining, I merely said that I'm tired.<br />
3. allegedly: bị cho là, được cho là<br />
4. ultimately (adv): cuối cùng</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-77954619880732251742011-05-15T16:01:00.001+07:002011-05-15T17:05:16.312+07:00to want to do sth<div style="text-align: justify;">1. to tell sb to do sth:<br />
- I told you to stop talking.<br />
2. to be content with: bằng lòng; vừa ý<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">-<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp"> He seems fairly content <b class="b ">with</b> (his) life.<br />
_________</span><br />
1.<a href="http://www.bedavaingilizce.net/prepositions/verb_pre.htm">http://www.bedavaingilizce.net/</a>prepositions/verb_pre.htm List<br />
2.<a href="http://wps.ablongman.com/long_faigley_penguinhb_2/30/7853/2010449.cw/index.html">http://wps.ablongman.com</a>/long_faigley_penguinhb_2/30/7853/2010449.cw/index.html reference list<br />
3.<a href="http://www2.gsu.edu/%7Ewwwesl/egw/verbprep.htm">http://www2.gsu.edu</a>/~wwwesl/egw/verbprep.htm (3 ways)<br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times;">And here are three lists of the various ways we combine verbs and prepositions in English:</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times;"><a href="http://www.gsu.edu/%7Ewwwesl/egw/verprep.htm">* Verb+preposition combinations</a></span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times;"><a href="http://www.gsu.edu/%7Ewwwesl/egw/phraverb.htm">* Phrasal verbs</a></span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman,Times;"><a href="http://www.gsu.edu/%7Ewwwesl/egw/phvbprep.htm">* Phrasal verbs+preposition combinations</a></span> <br />
<br />
</div></div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-62189428948667508192011-05-15T11:52:00.013+07:002011-06-20T12:00:53.803+07:00Sentence types<div style="text-align: justify;">(Source: <a href="http://www.scientificpsychic.com/grammar/enggram2.html">scientificpsychic</a>.com)<br />
English has four main sentence types:</div><ol><li> <b>Declarative Sentences</b> are used to form statements.<br />
Examples: <span style="color: blue;"> "Mary is here.", "My name is Mary." </span></li>
<li> <b>Interrogative Sentences</b> are used to ask questions.<br />
Examples: <span style="color: blue;"> "Where is Mary?", "What is your name?" </span></li>
<li> <b>Imperative Sentences</b> are used for commands.<br />
Examples: <span style="color: blue;"> "Come here.", "Tell me your name."</span></li>
<li> <b>Conditional Sentences</b> are used to indicate dependencies between events or conditions.<br />
Example: <span style="color: blue;"> "If you cut all the trees, there will be no forest."<br />
</span> </li>
</ol>It is not polite to use imperative sentences without the word "Please". It is better to say "Please, come here." than just "Come here." The simplest English sentences are imperative sentences with a single verb (Example: "Help!").<br />
<br />
Sentences may be simple or compound. Compound sentences consist of two or more simple sentences joined by conjunctions.<br />
Examples:<br />
"Come here and sit down.",<br />
"My name is Mary and I live in New York.",<br />
"What is your name and where do you live?",<br />
"Either John will go to New York or Mary will come here."<br />
<br />
It is not correct to combine different sentence types in a compound sentence.<br />
Wrong: "Mary lives in New York and come here." <br />
_____<br />
<blockquote style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(255, 224, 224);"> <English Sentence> = <br />
<Simple Sentence> |<br />
<Compound Sentence> <br />
<br />
<Simple Sentence> = <br />
<Declarative Sentence> |<br />
<Interrogative Sentence> |<br />
<Imperative Sentence> |<br />
<Conditional Sentence> <br />
<br />
<Compound Sentence> = <br />
<Simple Sentence> <conjunction> <Simple Sentence> | <br />
"Either" <Declarative Sentence> "or" <Declarative Sentence> | <br />
"Either" <Imperative Sentence> "or" <Imperative Sentence> </blockquote>_______________<br />
(Source: <a href="http://learningnerd.wordpress.com/2006/09/12/english-grammar-types-of-sentences/">learningnerd</a>.wordpress.com)<h2>Types of Sentences by Structure</h2><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_sentence" target="_blank"><strong>Simple Sentence</strong></a> – “<u>I love chocolate</u>.” One <a href="http://learningnerd.wordpress.com/2006/09/08/english-grammar-types-of-clauses/" title="Types of Clauses">independent clause</a> (underlined).</li>
</ul><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_sentence_%28linguistics%29" target="_blank"><strong>Compound Sentence</strong></a> - “<u>I love chocolate</u>, and <u>I love eating chocolate</u>.” Two or more independent clauses.</li>
</ul><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_sentence" target="_blank"><strong>Complex Sentence</strong></a> – “<u>I love chocolate</u> <em>because it’s decadent</em>.” One independent clause and one or more <a href="http://learningnerd.wordpress.com/2006/09/08/english-grammar-types-of-clauses/" title="Types of Clauses">dependent clauses</a> (italicized). Note: according to Wikipedia, a sentence like “The dog chewed up the shoes that I just bought” is a simple sentence, not a complex sentence, because the <a href="http://learningnerd.wordpress.com/2006/09/08/english-grammar-types-of-clauses/" title="Types of Clauses">relative clause</a> “<em>that I just bought</em>” simply modifies the noun without performing any other function. I’m not sure how accurate this is, however.</li>
</ul><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex-compound_sentence" target="_blank"><strong>Complex-Compound Sentence</strong></a> – “<u>I love chocolate</u> <em>because it’s decadent</em>, and <u>I love eating chocolate</u> <em>because it’s delicious</em>.” Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.</li>
</ul>Those four categories apply to normal, grammatical sentences. However, some of our most common expressions are sentences that don’t follow the rules — see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_%28linguistics%29#Major_and_minor_sentences" target="_blank">Major and Minor Sentences</a>.<br />
Note: obsessive syntacticians (is there any other kind?) have also named more specific types of sentences, which I’ll address when I start learning about the finer points of writing style.<br />
<h2>Types of Sentences by Purpose</h2><ul><li><a href="http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/sntpurps.html#sntdecl" target="_blank" title="The Purpose of a Sentence - The Declarative Sentence"><strong>Declarative Sentence</strong></a> – “I love chocolate.” Used to make a simple statement. Most sentences are declarative.</li>
</ul><ul><li><a href="http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/sntpurps.html#sntinter" target="_blank" title="The Purpose of a Sentence - The Interrogative Sentence"><strong>Interrogative Sentence</strong></a> – “Do you love chocolate?” Used to ask a question. See also <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_question" target="_blank">Rhetorical Question</a>. </li>
</ul><ul><li><a href="http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/sntpurps.html#sntexcl" target="_blank" title="The Purpose of a Sentence - The Exclamatory Sentence"><strong>Exclamatory Sentence</strong></a> – “I need chocolate!” Used for emphasis and emotion.</li>
</ul><ul><li><a href="http://www.arts.uottawa.ca/writcent/hypergrammar/sntpurps.html#sntimpr" target="_blank" title="The Purpose of a Sentence - The Imperative Sentence"><strong>Imperative Sentence</strong></a> – “Please buy me some chocolate.” Used for commands, with the pronoun <em>you</em> always implied.</li>
</ul><ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence" target="_blank"><strong>Conditional Sentence</strong></a> – “If I had a billion dollars, I would buy a castle made of chocolate.” Used to express what one would do if a condition were met. There are several types of conditional sentences: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence#Present_General" target="_blank">present general</a> (or zero condition), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence#Future_More-Vivid" target="_blank">future more-vivid</a> (or first condition), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence#Future_Less-Vivid" target="_blank">future less-vivid</a> (or second condition), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence#Present_Contrafactual" target="_blank">present contrafactual</a> (also sometimes called the second condition), and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_sentence#Past_Contrafactual" target="_blank">past contrafactual</a> (or third condition).</li>
</ul>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-61117654871965064892011-05-15T11:51:00.003+07:002011-06-20T12:01:24.452+07:00Lists of grammar<div style="text-align: justify;">1. Kinds of sentences in English grammar; sentence structures; sentence types; Types of sentence</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-53903253399924983172011-05-15T11:30:00.001+07:002011-05-31T01:32:35.605+07:00Nouns<div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Irregular plural nouns</span></b>:<br />
1. phe<b style="color: #990000;">nom</b>enon: phenomena (existing thing; ~ hiện tượng)<br />
-<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp"> Gravity is a <b class="b ">natural</b> phenomenon.<br />
_____<br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Male/Female</b>:<br />
1. waiter/waitress<br />
2. actor/actress<br />
3. heir/heiress<br />
4. elector/electress</span><br />
<span class="eg parentof__eg__is__examp"> _____<br />
<b style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Subject + Verb. <br />
Singular/Plural agreements</b>:<br />
* singular or plural verbs? (http://wps.<a href="http://wps.ablongman.com/long_faigley_penguinhb_1/7/1979/506657.cw/index.html">ablongman</a>.com)<br />
* singular or plural? (<a href="http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-7495.php">tolearnenglish</a>.com)<br />
- trousers, pants</span></div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8876086201702699908.post-71457559232965838742011-05-15T03:32:00.000+07:002011-05-15T17:32:43.661+07:00Writing a letter skill<div style="text-align: justify;">- List of Letter Closings and E-mail Goodbyes (www.<a href="http://www.suite101.com/content/list-of-letter-closings-and-salutations-a88155">suite101</a>.com/)<br />
- Best regards/wishes<br />
- How to end a letter that starts 'To Whom It May Concern'? (uk.<a href="http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060823024944AA51md1">answers.yahoo</a>.com/)<br />
- www.<a href="http://www.englishforums.com/English/HowToEndALetter/xljg/post.htm">englishforums</a>.com/<br />
- How to end a letter (www.<a href="http://www.ehow.com/how_2214851_end-letter.html">ehow</a>.com/)</div>nha đầuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04978090021372290695noreply@blogger.com0