Battles, Treaty, ect. (when)

* Battle of Legnica (1241) (Silesia):
- The Battle of Legnica (also known as the Battle of Liegnitz or Battle of Wahlstatt) was a battle between the Mongol Empire and the combined defending forces of European fighters that took place at Legnickie Pole (Wahlstatt) near the city of Legnica (German: Liegnitz) in Silesia on 9 April 1241.
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* Battle of Bannockburn (1314):
- The battle of Bannockburn was a significant Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence. It was the decisive battle in the First War of Scottish Independence.
- Belligerents: England (king Edward II) # Scotland (Robert the Bruce)
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* Battle of Agincourt (1415) (Belligerents: England vs. France):
- The Battle of Agincourt was a major English victory against a numerically superior French army in the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). The battle occurred on Friday 25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day, November 3. NS), near modern day Azincourt, in northern France.
- The battle is notable for the use of the English longbow, which Henry used in very large numbers, with English and Welsh archers forming most of his army. The battle is also the centrepiece of the play Henry V, by William Shakespeare.
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* Treaty of Tordesillas (1494):
- The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed at Tordesillas (Spain), 7 June 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa).

Timeline (UK)

(reference source: royal.gov.uk)
ENGLISH MONARCHS (trích lược):

* The Normans (1066-1154):

1. William I the Conqueror (r.1066-1087)
2. William II Rufus (r.1087-1100)
3. Henry I Beauclerc (r.1100-1135)
4. Stephen & Matilda (r.1135-1154) (The Anarchy)

* The Plantagenets (1154-1485):

* The Angevins (1154-1216):

1. Henry II Curtmantle (r.1154-1189)
- Thomas Becket 1170
2. Richard I the Lionheart (r.1189-1199)
3. John Lackland (r.1199-1216)
- 1215: The Magna Carta - Latin for "Great Charter"

* The Plantagenets (1216-1399):

4. Henry III (r.1216-1272)
5. Edward I Longshanks (r.1272-1307)
6. Edward II (r.1307-1327)
7. Edward III (r.1327-1377)
- The Hundred Years War (1337-1475)
8. Richard II (r.1377-1399)
- The Peasants' Revolt 1381

* The Lancastrians (1399-1471):

9. Henry IV (r.1399-1413)
10. Henry V (r.1413-1422)
11. Henry VI (r.1422-1461 & 1470-1471)

(Lancaster) (York) (Tudors)

- The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485):
+ House of York (White Rose) vs. House of Lancaster (Red Rose)
* The Yorkists (1461-1485):
12. Edward IV (r.1461-1470 & 1471-1483)
13. Edward V (r.Apr-Jun 1483)
14. Richard III (r.1483-1485)
* The Tudors (1485-1603):
1. Henry VII (r.1485-1509)
2. Henry VIII (r.1509-1547)
3. Edward VI (r.1547-1553)
4. Lady Jane Grey (9 days, 1553)
5. Mary I (r.1553-1558)
6. Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603)
- August 1588: the defeat of the Spanish Armada
__________
UNITED KINGDOM MONARCHS (1603-present):
1. The Stuarts (1603-1714):
1.1. James I (r.1603-1625)
1.2. Charles I (r.1625-1649)
- English civil war (1642-1651)
1.3. Interregnum (1649-1660)
- The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell under the Commonwealth of England after the English Civil War. It began with the overthrow, and execution, of Charles I in January 1649, and ended with the restoration of Charles II on May 29, 1660.
1.4. Charles II (r.1660-1685)
- Charles II sponsored the founding of the Royal Society in 1660 to promote scientific research. (royalsociety.org)
- Appalling plague (1665)
- The Great Fire of London (1666)
1.5. James II (r.1685-1688)
- (See: Jacobitism)
1.6. William III (r.1689-1702) and Mary II (r.1689-1694)
- The Bill of Rights (1689) is an act of the Parliament of England.
- The Act of Settlement of 1701 is an act of the Parliament of England that was passed in 1701.
- The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom. Sometimes known as the 'Old Lady' of Threadneedle Street, the Bank was founded in 1694, nationalised in 1946, and gained independence in 1997. (bankofengland.co.uk)
1.7. Anne (r.1702-1714)

Hanover

2. The Hanoverians (1714-1901):
2.1. George I (r.1714-1727)
2.2. George II (r.1727-1760)
2.3. George III (r.1760-1820)
- 4th July, 1776: the declaration of American independence
2.4. George IV (r.1820-1830)
2.5. William IV (r.1830-1837)
2.6. Victoria (r.1837-1901)
3. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1901-1910):
3.1. Edward VII (r.1901-1910)
4. The House of Windsor (1910-present):
4.1. George V (r.1910-1936)
4.2. Edward VIII (Jan-Dec 1936)
4.3. George VI (r.1936-1952)
4.4. Elizabeth II (r.1953-present)

Timeline (USA)

3. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) (P.1801-1809)

When (Arab, North Africa & Anatolia) (1)

* Battle of the Masts (Dhat Al-Sawari) (655) (naval battle):
- The Battle of the Masts (romanized Dhat Al-Sawari) or Battle of Phoenix was a crucial naval battle fought in 655 between the Muslim Arabs, led by Abdullah bin Sa'ad bin Abi'l Sarh and the Byzantine fleet under the personal command of Emperor Constans II. Location of the battle: Mediterranean Sea.

Một vài mốc thời gian

* Cuộc tàn phá thành Roma do những người Goth năm 410, người Vandal năm 455, người Saracen năm 846 và người Norman năm 1084.
* 1539:
- Với sắc lệnh Edit de Villers - Contterêts (1539), vua Francois I (1494-1547) đã đặt tiếng Francien làm ngôn ngữ chính thức duy nhất.
* Mãi đến giữa thế kỷ 19 từ vựng phương Tây mới có từ “thời tiền sử”.