Battles, Treaty, ect. (when)

* Battle of Legnica (1241) (Silesia):
- The Battle of Legnica (also known as the Battle of Liegnitz or Battle of Wahlstatt) was a battle between the Mongol Empire and the combined defending forces of European fighters that took place at Legnickie Pole (Wahlstatt) near the city of Legnica (German: Liegnitz) in Silesia on 9 April 1241.
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* Battle of Bannockburn (1314):
- The battle of Bannockburn was a significant Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence. It was the decisive battle in the First War of Scottish Independence.
- Belligerents: England (king Edward II) # Scotland (Robert the Bruce)
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* Battle of Agincourt (1415) (Belligerents: England vs. France):
- The Battle of Agincourt was a major English victory against a numerically superior French army in the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). The battle occurred on Friday 25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day, November 3. NS), near modern day Azincourt, in northern France.
- The battle is notable for the use of the English longbow, which Henry used in very large numbers, with English and Welsh archers forming most of his army. The battle is also the centrepiece of the play Henry V, by William Shakespeare.
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* Treaty of Tordesillas (1494):
- The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed at Tordesillas (Spain), 7 June 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands (off the west coast of Africa).

Timeline (UK)

(reference source: royal.gov.uk)
ENGLISH MONARCHS (trích lược):

* The Normans (1066-1154):

1. William I the Conqueror (r.1066-1087)
2. William II Rufus (r.1087-1100)
3. Henry I Beauclerc (r.1100-1135)
4. Stephen & Matilda (r.1135-1154) (The Anarchy)

* The Plantagenets (1154-1485):

* The Angevins (1154-1216):

1. Henry II Curtmantle (r.1154-1189)
- Thomas Becket 1170
2. Richard I the Lionheart (r.1189-1199)
3. John Lackland (r.1199-1216)
- 1215: The Magna Carta - Latin for "Great Charter"

* The Plantagenets (1216-1399):

4. Henry III (r.1216-1272)
5. Edward I Longshanks (r.1272-1307)
6. Edward II (r.1307-1327)
7. Edward III (r.1327-1377)
- The Hundred Years War (1337-1475)
8. Richard II (r.1377-1399)
- The Peasants' Revolt 1381

* The Lancastrians (1399-1471):

9. Henry IV (r.1399-1413)
10. Henry V (r.1413-1422)
11. Henry VI (r.1422-1461 & 1470-1471)

(Lancaster) (York) (Tudors)

- The Wars of the Roses (1455-1485):
+ House of York (White Rose) vs. House of Lancaster (Red Rose)
* The Yorkists (1461-1485):
12. Edward IV (r.1461-1470 & 1471-1483)
13. Edward V (r.Apr-Jun 1483)
14. Richard III (r.1483-1485)
* The Tudors (1485-1603):
1. Henry VII (r.1485-1509)
2. Henry VIII (r.1509-1547)
3. Edward VI (r.1547-1553)
4. Lady Jane Grey (9 days, 1553)
5. Mary I (r.1553-1558)
6. Elizabeth I (r.1558-1603)
- August 1588: the defeat of the Spanish Armada
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UNITED KINGDOM MONARCHS (1603-present):
1. The Stuarts (1603-1714):
1.1. James I (r.1603-1625)
1.2. Charles I (r.1625-1649)
- English civil war (1642-1651)
1.3. Interregnum (1649-1660)
- The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule by the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell under the Commonwealth of England after the English Civil War. It began with the overthrow, and execution, of Charles I in January 1649, and ended with the restoration of Charles II on May 29, 1660.
1.4. Charles II (r.1660-1685)
- Charles II sponsored the founding of the Royal Society in 1660 to promote scientific research. (royalsociety.org)
- Appalling plague (1665)
- The Great Fire of London (1666)
1.5. James II (r.1685-1688)
- (See: Jacobitism)
1.6. William III (r.1689-1702) and Mary II (r.1689-1694)
- The Bill of Rights (1689) is an act of the Parliament of England.
- The Act of Settlement of 1701 is an act of the Parliament of England that was passed in 1701.
- The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom. Sometimes known as the 'Old Lady' of Threadneedle Street, the Bank was founded in 1694, nationalised in 1946, and gained independence in 1997. (bankofengland.co.uk)
1.7. Anne (r.1702-1714)

Hanover

2. The Hanoverians (1714-1901):
2.1. George I (r.1714-1727)
2.2. George II (r.1727-1760)
2.3. George III (r.1760-1820)
- 4th July, 1776: the declaration of American independence
2.4. George IV (r.1820-1830)
2.5. William IV (r.1830-1837)
2.6. Victoria (r.1837-1901)
3. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (1901-1910):
3.1. Edward VII (r.1901-1910)
4. The House of Windsor (1910-present):
4.1. George V (r.1910-1936)
4.2. Edward VIII (Jan-Dec 1936)
4.3. George VI (r.1936-1952)
4.4. Elizabeth II (r.1953-present)

Timeline (USA)

3. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) (P.1801-1809)

When (Arab, North Africa & Anatolia) (1)

* Battle of the Masts (Dhat Al-Sawari) (655) (naval battle):
- The Battle of the Masts (romanized Dhat Al-Sawari) or Battle of Phoenix was a crucial naval battle fought in 655 between the Muslim Arabs, led by Abdullah bin Sa'ad bin Abi'l Sarh and the Byzantine fleet under the personal command of Emperor Constans II. Location of the battle: Mediterranean Sea.

Một vài mốc thời gian

* Cuộc tàn phá thành Roma do những người Goth năm 410, người Vandal năm 455, người Saracen năm 846 và người Norman năm 1084.
* 1539:
- Với sắc lệnh Edit de Villers - Contterêts (1539), vua Francois I (1494-1547) đã đặt tiếng Francien làm ngôn ngữ chính thức duy nhất.
* Mãi đến giữa thế kỷ 19 từ vựng phương Tây mới có từ “thời tiền sử”.

What (Japan)

JAPAN

* inro:
- An inrō  is a traditional Japanese case for holding small objects. Because traditional Japanese garb lacked pockets, objects were often carried by hanging them from the obi, or sash. Most types of these sagemono were created for specialized contents, such as tobacco, pipes, writing brush and ink, but inrō were suited for carrying anything small. Consisting of a stack of tiny, nested boxes, inrō were most commonly used to carry identity seals and medicines. The stack of boxes is held together by a cord that runs through cord runners down one side, under the bottom, and up the opposite side. The ends of the cord are secured to a netsuke, a kind of toggle that is passed between the sash and pants and then hooked over the top of the sash to suspend the inrō. An ojime is provided on the cord between the inrō and netsuke to hold the boxes together.
- 'Inro' là cái tráp truyền thống mà người Nhật cột vào một cái dây để đeo vào cổ hay cột vào dải lưng, khi họ mặc trang phục truyền thống không có túi.
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* Cipangu (romanized one of the many names of Japan in history):
- The English word "Japan" has a circuitous derivation; but linguists believe it derives in part from the Portuguese recording of the early Mandarin Chinese or Wu Chinese word for Japan: Cipan (日本) and literally translates to "country of sun origin". Guó is Chinese for "realm" or "kingdom", so it could alternatively be rendered as "Japan-guó".
- Cipangu was first mentioned in Europe in the accounts of the travels of Marco Polo. It appears for the first time on a European map with the Fra Mauro map in 1457, although it appears much earlier on Chinese and Korean maps such as the Kangnido. Following the accounts of Marco Polo, Cipangu was thought to be fabulously rich in silver and gold, which in Medieval times was largely correct, owing to the volcanism of the islands and the possibility to access precious ores without resorting to (unavailable) deep-mining technologies.
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Some names of food:
* kamaboko (Kamaboko); unagi (món lươn, hix món nì ngon lém mèng ơi! Có cái ảnh minh họa ở dưới đó.)

inro, netsuke, ojime	kamaboko	Unagi (món lươn)

What (Western)

* Bucephalus:
- Bucephalus or Bucephalas ("ox-head") (c.355 BC–326 BC) was Alexander the Great's horse and one of the most famous actual horses of antiquity.
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* Baedeker: cẩm nang hướng dẫn du lịch; sổ tay hướng dẫn du lịch
- Verlag Karl Baedeker is a Germany-based publisher and pioneer in the business of worldwide travel guides. The guides, often referred as simply "Baedekers" (sometimes the term is used about similar works from other publishers, or in reference to any kind of guide), contain important introductions, descriptions of buildings, of museum collections, etc., written by the best specialists, and are frequently revised in order to be up to date. For the convenience of travellers, they are in a handy format and in small print.
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* caravel (Portugal; Age of Discoveries):
- A caravel is a small, highly maneuverable sailing ship developed in the 15th century by the Portuguese (Prince Henry the Navigator) to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean. The lateen sails gave her speed and the capacity for sailing to windward (beating). Caravels were much used by the Portuguese for the oceanic exploration voyages during the 15th and 16th centuries in the age of discovery.
- Những cuộc thám hiểm western coast of Africa của Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) đã cho thấy tàu caravel có khả năng trở về nhà một cách bảo đảm mà các loại tàu trước đó không có. Phần chìm của tàu không sâu giúp nó thám hiểm được những vùng biển cạn gần bờ và cũng giúp nó dễ dàng đi vào bãi cạn để sửa chữa. Trong thuật ngữ hàng hải, khả năng trở về nhà đồng nghĩa với khả năng chạy ngược gió và về điều này thì tàu caravel thật tuyệt vời. Điều này có nghĩa là trong điều kiện gió ngược, tàu caravel có thể chạy nhanh hơn những loại tàu buồm khác. Các thủy thủ biết mình ở trên một chiếc tàu có khả năng đưa mình về nhà bảo đảm và nhanh hơn, sẽ cảm thấy an tâm và sẵn sàng chấp nhận những cuộc hành trình xa và nguy hiểm hơn.