* Carl von Linnaeus (1707-1778) (Swedish) (botanist):
-Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy (Sự phân loại trong giới sinh vật), and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology.
- modern taxonomy (John Ray; Carl Von Linnaeus)
- Linnaeus lớn lên ở Stenbrohult, nơi ông mô tả là "nơi đẹp nhất trên khắp đất Thụy Điển..."
- Linnaeus là một Freud của thế giới thực vật. Ở cuối thế kỷ 20, chúng ta đã quen nói về giới tính một cách tự do, khiến chúng ta quên rằng vào thời tiền - Freud, người ta luôn cảm thấy xấu hổ khi đề cập đến giới tính nơi công cộng, dù cho là giới tính của cỏ cây. Trong khoa thực vật học của Linnaeus, giống như trong khoa tâm lý học của Freud, sự kiện sơ đẳng là giới tính.
•• Linnaeus đặt loài người vào Họ có vú thuộc Dòng Linh trưởng và phân biệt những giống người khác nhau (đọc cái phân loại này thú vị phết!)
_____
* Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) (French) (naturalist):
- Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon was a French naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopedic author. His works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Georges Cuvier. It has been said that "Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century."
_____
* Samuel Johnson (Dr.Johnson) (1709-1784) (English) (essayist, lexicographer):
- Samuel Johnson, often referred to as Dr Johnson, was an English author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory, and has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history". He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature": James Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson.
_____
* Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) (French) (philosopher):
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a major philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism. His political philosophy heavily influenced the French Revolution, as well as the American Revolution and the overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought. His novel, Émile: or, On Education is a seminal treatise on the education of the whole person for citizenship. His sentimental novel, Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse, was of great importance to the development of pre-romanticism and romanticism in fiction.
_____
* Denis Diderot (1713-1784) (French) (Bách khoa Diderot - Encyclopédie)
- Denis Diderot (October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent persona during the Enlightenment and is best-known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of and contributor to the Encyclopédie (published 1751-1772).
_____
* Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768) (German) (archaeologist; art historian):
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann was a German art historian and archaeologist. He was a pioneering Hellenist who first articulated the difference between Greek, Greco-Roman and Roman art. Defined "The prophet and founding hero of modern archaeology", Winckelmann was one of the founders of scientific archaeology and first applied the categories of style on a large, systematic basis to the history of art. Many consider him the father of the discipline of art history. His would be the decisive influence on the rise of the neoclassical (Tân Cổ điển) movement during the late 18th century. His writings influenced not only a new science of archaeology and art history but Western painting, sculpture, literature and even philosophy. Winckelmann's History of Ancient Art (1764) was one of the first books written in German to become a classic of European literature. His subsequent influence on Lessing, Herder, Goethe, Hölderlin, Heine, Nietzsche, George, and Spengler has been provocatively called "the Tyranny of Greece over Germany."
- Today, Humboldt University of Berlin's Winckelmann Institute is dedicated to the study of classical archaeology.
_____
* Jean Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783) (French) (mathematician):
- Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. He was also co-editor with Denis Diderot of the Encyclopédie. D'Alembert's method for the wave equation is named after him.
- Jean Rond d'Alembert là "đồ đệ" của Sir Isaac Newton.
_____
* Ferdinand Berthoud (1727-1807) (Swiss) (watchmaker):
- Ferdinand Berthoud was a Swiss chronometer-maker.
_____
* James Cook (1728-1779) (British) (navigator):
- Captain James Cook FRS RN was a British explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy. Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean during which he achieved the first European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands as well as the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.
◎ lucidcafe.com Captain James Cook
_____
* Lamarck (1744-1829) (French) (naturalist; botany):
- Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck, often just known as "Lamarck", was a French soldier, naturalist, academic and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws.
◎ Tóm tắt học thuyết tiến hóa của Lamarck (thuviensinhhoc.com)
_____
* Valentin Hauy (1745-1822) (French):
- Valentin Haüy was the founder, in 1784, of the first school for the blind, the Royal Institution for the Young Blind in Paris (now the National Institute for the Young Blind, INJA). In 1819, Louis Braille entered this school.
- Valentin Haüy’s brother, René Just Haüy, is considered a founder of modern mineralogy (Khoáng vật học).
_____
* John Dalton (1766-1844) (English) (chemist):
- John Dalton FRS was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness (sometimes referred to as Daltonism, in his honour).
_____
* Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) (German):
- Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt was a German naturalist and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian (nước Phổ) minister, philosopher and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography. Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled extensively in Latin America, exploring and describing it for the first time in a manner generally considered to be a modern scientific point of view.
_____
* William Wordsworth (1770-1850) (English) (poet):
- William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads.
_____
* Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848) (Swedish) (chemist):
- Jöns Jacob Berzelius was a Swedish chemist. He worked out the modern technique of chemical formula notation, and is together with John Dalton, Antoine Lavoisier, and Robert Boyle considered a father of modern chemistry. He began his career as a physician but his researches in physical chemistry were of lasting significance in the development of the subject. He achieved much in later life as secretary of the Swedish Academy. He is known in Sweden as the Father of Swedish Chemistry. Trong ngành Hóa học hiện đại, hệ thống viết tắt sử dụng chữ cái đầu tiên tên La tinh của mỗi nguyên tố (e.g. KCl, H2O, CO2) đã được sáng chế bởi nhà hóa học Thụy Điển Berzelius.
_____
* Christian Jürgensen Thomsen (1788-1865) (Danish) (archaeologist: Nhà khảo cổ học) (about prehistory):
- Christian Jürgensen Thomsen was a Danish archaeologist. In 1816 he was appointed head of 'antiquarian' collections which later developed into the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. While organizing and classifying the antiquities for exhibition, he decided to present them chronologically according to the three-age system. Other scholars had previously proposed that prehistory had advanced from an age of stone tools, to ages of tools made from bronze and iron, but these proposals were presented as systems of evolution, which did not allow dating of artifacts. Thomsen refined the three-age system as a chronological system by seeing which artifacts occurred with which other artifacts in closed finds. In this way, he was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods. This achievement led to his being credited as the originator of the three-age system of European antiquity.
_____
* Lambert A.J. Quetelet (1796-1874) (Belgian) (statistician):
- Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet was a Belgian astronomer, mathematician, statistician and sociologist. He founded and directed the Brussels Observatory and was influential in introducing statistical methods to the social sciences.
_____
* Charles Lyell (1797,Scotland-1875,England) (British) (geologist: Nhà địa chất học):
- Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, Kt FRS was a British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology, which popularised James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianism – the idea that the earth was shaped by slow-moving forces still in operation today. Lyell was a close and influential friend of Charles Darwin.
-Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy (Sự phân loại trong giới sinh vật), and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology.
- modern taxonomy (John Ray; Carl Von Linnaeus)
- Linnaeus lớn lên ở Stenbrohult, nơi ông mô tả là "nơi đẹp nhất trên khắp đất Thụy Điển..."
- Linnaeus là một Freud của thế giới thực vật. Ở cuối thế kỷ 20, chúng ta đã quen nói về giới tính một cách tự do, khiến chúng ta quên rằng vào thời tiền - Freud, người ta luôn cảm thấy xấu hổ khi đề cập đến giới tính nơi công cộng, dù cho là giới tính của cỏ cây. Trong khoa thực vật học của Linnaeus, giống như trong khoa tâm lý học của Freud, sự kiện sơ đẳng là giới tính.
•• Linnaeus đặt loài người vào Họ có vú thuộc Dòng Linh trưởng và phân biệt những giống người khác nhau (đọc cái phân loại này thú vị phết!)
_____
* Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707-1788) (French) (naturalist):
- Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon was a French naturalist, mathematician, cosmologist, and encyclopedic author. His works influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and Georges Cuvier. It has been said that "Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century."
_____
* Samuel Johnson (Dr.Johnson) (1709-1784) (English) (essayist, lexicographer):
- Samuel Johnson, often referred to as Dr Johnson, was an English author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory, and has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history". He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature": James Boswell's Life of Samuel Johnson.
_____
* Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) (French) (philosopher):
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a major philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism. His political philosophy heavily influenced the French Revolution, as well as the American Revolution and the overall development of modern political, sociological and educational thought. His novel, Émile: or, On Education is a seminal treatise on the education of the whole person for citizenship. His sentimental novel, Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse, was of great importance to the development of pre-romanticism and romanticism in fiction.
 |
| Pages from "Encyclopédie" |
* Denis Diderot (1713-1784) (French) (Bách khoa Diderot - Encyclopédie)
- Denis Diderot (October 5, 1713 – July 31, 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent persona during the Enlightenment and is best-known for serving as co-founder and chief editor of and contributor to the Encyclopédie (published 1751-1772).
_____
* Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717-1768) (German) (archaeologist; art historian):
- Johann Joachim Winckelmann was a German art historian and archaeologist. He was a pioneering Hellenist who first articulated the difference between Greek, Greco-Roman and Roman art. Defined "The prophet and founding hero of modern archaeology", Winckelmann was one of the founders of scientific archaeology and first applied the categories of style on a large, systematic basis to the history of art. Many consider him the father of the discipline of art history. His would be the decisive influence on the rise of the neoclassical (Tân Cổ điển) movement during the late 18th century. His writings influenced not only a new science of archaeology and art history but Western painting, sculpture, literature and even philosophy. Winckelmann's History of Ancient Art (1764) was one of the first books written in German to become a classic of European literature. His subsequent influence on Lessing, Herder, Goethe, Hölderlin, Heine, Nietzsche, George, and Spengler has been provocatively called "the Tyranny of Greece over Germany."
- Today, Humboldt University of Berlin's Winckelmann Institute is dedicated to the study of classical archaeology.
_____
* Jean Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783) (French) (mathematician):
- Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. He was also co-editor with Denis Diderot of the Encyclopédie. D'Alembert's method for the wave equation is named after him.
- Jean Rond d'Alembert là "đồ đệ" của Sir Isaac Newton.
_____
* Ferdinand Berthoud (1727-1807) (Swiss) (watchmaker):
- Ferdinand Berthoud was a Swiss chronometer-maker.
_____
* James Cook (1728-1779) (British) (navigator):
- Captain James Cook FRS RN was a British explorer, navigator and cartographer, ultimately rising to the rank of Captain in the Royal Navy. Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean during which he achieved the first European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands as well as the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.
◎ lucidcafe.com Captain James Cook
 |
| (Lamarck) giraffe |
* Lamarck (1744-1829) (French) (naturalist; botany):
- Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de la Marck, often just known as "Lamarck", was a French soldier, naturalist, academic and an early proponent of the idea that evolution occurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws.
◎ Tóm tắt học thuyết tiến hóa của Lamarck (thuviensinhhoc.com)
_____
* Valentin Hauy (1745-1822) (French):
- Valentin Haüy was the founder, in 1784, of the first school for the blind, the Royal Institution for the Young Blind in Paris (now the National Institute for the Young Blind, INJA). In 1819, Louis Braille entered this school.
- Valentin Haüy’s brother, René Just Haüy, is considered a founder of modern mineralogy (Khoáng vật học).
_____
* John Dalton (1766-1844) (English) (chemist):
- John Dalton FRS was an English chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into colour blindness (sometimes referred to as Daltonism, in his honour).
_____
* Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859) (German):
- Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt was a German naturalist and explorer, and the younger brother of the Prussian (nước Phổ) minister, philosopher and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography. Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled extensively in Latin America, exploring and describing it for the first time in a manner generally considered to be a modern scientific point of view.
_____
* William Wordsworth (1770-1850) (English) (poet):
- William Wordsworth was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads.
_____
* Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779-1848) (Swedish) (chemist):
- Jöns Jacob Berzelius was a Swedish chemist. He worked out the modern technique of chemical formula notation, and is together with John Dalton, Antoine Lavoisier, and Robert Boyle considered a father of modern chemistry. He began his career as a physician but his researches in physical chemistry were of lasting significance in the development of the subject. He achieved much in later life as secretary of the Swedish Academy. He is known in Sweden as the Father of Swedish Chemistry. Trong ngành Hóa học hiện đại, hệ thống viết tắt sử dụng chữ cái đầu tiên tên La tinh của mỗi nguyên tố (e.g. KCl, H2O, CO2) đã được sáng chế bởi nhà hóa học Thụy Điển Berzelius.
_____
* Christian Jürgensen Thomsen (1788-1865) (Danish) (archaeologist: Nhà khảo cổ học) (about prehistory):
- Christian Jürgensen Thomsen was a Danish archaeologist. In 1816 he was appointed head of 'antiquarian' collections which later developed into the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. While organizing and classifying the antiquities for exhibition, he decided to present them chronologically according to the three-age system. Other scholars had previously proposed that prehistory had advanced from an age of stone tools, to ages of tools made from bronze and iron, but these proposals were presented as systems of evolution, which did not allow dating of artifacts. Thomsen refined the three-age system as a chronological system by seeing which artifacts occurred with which other artifacts in closed finds. In this way, he was the first to establish an evidence-based division of prehistory into discrete periods. This achievement led to his being credited as the originator of the three-age system of European antiquity.
_____
* Lambert A.J. Quetelet (1796-1874) (Belgian) (statistician):
- Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet was a Belgian astronomer, mathematician, statistician and sociologist. He founded and directed the Brussels Observatory and was influential in introducing statistical methods to the social sciences.
_____
* Charles Lyell (1797,Scotland-1875,England) (British) (geologist: Nhà địa chất học):
- Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, Kt FRS was a British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology, which popularised James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianism – the idea that the earth was shaped by slow-moving forces still in operation today. Lyell was a close and influential friend of Charles Darwin.
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