* Henry Oldenburg (c.1619-1677) (German) (He was the (1st) secretary of the Royal Society):
- Henry Oldenburg (Heinrich) was a German theologian known as a diplomat and a natural philosopher. He was one of the foremost intelligencers of Europe of the 17th century, with a network of correspondents to rival those of Fabri de Peiresc, Marin Mersenne and Ismaël Boulliau. At the foundation of the Royal Society he took on the task of foreign correspondence, as the first Secretary.
_____
* John Graunt (1620-1674) (English) (demographer: Nhà nhân khẩu học):
- John Graunt was one of the first demographers, though by profession he was a haberdasher. Born in London, Graunt, along with William Petty, developed early human statistical and census (sự điều tra dân số; tổng điều tra) methods that later provided a framework for modern demography. He is credited with producing the first life table, giving probabilities of survival to each age. Graunt is also considered as one of the first experts in epidemiology (Dịch tễ học), since his famous book was concerned mostly with public health statistics.
_____
* Sir William Petty (1623-1687) (English) (economist):
- Sir William Petty was an English economist, scientist and philosopher. He first became prominent serving Oliver Cromwell and Commonwealth in Ireland. He developed efficient methods to survey the land that was to be confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers. He also managed to remain prominent under King Charles II and King James II, as did many others who had served Cromwell.
_____
* Francesco Redi (1626-1697,Pisa) (Italy) (naturalist):
- Francesco Redi was an Italian physician, naturalist, and poet.
- In 1668, Francesco Redi did an experiment with flies and wide-mouth jars containing meat.
_____
* John Ray (1627-1705) (English) (naturalist):
- John Ray was an English naturalist, sometimes referred to as the father of English natural history. He published important works on botany, zoology, and natural theology. His classification of plants in his Historia Plantarum, was an important step towards modern taxonomy. He was the first to give a biological definition of the term species.
_____
* Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) (Italy) (doctor):
- Marcello Malpighi was an Italian doctor, who gave his name to several physiological features, like the Malpighian tubule system.
- See: Khoa hiển vi học (Sử dụng công cụ kính hiển vi)
- Malpighi đã khám phá ra mao mạch.
_____
* Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) (Dutch):
-Christiaan Huygens was a prominent Dutch mathematician, astronomer, physicist and horologist. His work included early telescopic studies elucidating the nature of the rings of Saturn (Sao Thổ) and the discovery of its moon Titan, the invention of the pendulum clock and other investigations in timekeeping, and studies of both optics and the centrifugal force.
- In 1656, Huygens invented the first pendulum clock.
◎ schillerinstitute.org La Rouche; The Essential Role of‘Time-Reversal’ in Mathematical Economics
_____
* Antonie Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) (Dutch) (microbiologist):
- Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology. Using his handcrafted microscopes he was the first to observe and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa (hix, từ này có nghĩa là 'tinh trùng' ạ) and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels). Van Leeuwenhoek did not author any books, although he did write many letters.
- Năm 1680, Leeuwenhoek được nhận làm hội viên của Royal Society (Hội Hoàng Gia London). Sự kiện này mở ra một thế giới mới cho các nhà khoa học quốc tế và không có tính hàn lâm mà trong thế giới đó tri thức được thăng tiến không chỉ nhờ những con người nắm giữ tri thức truyền thống. Những người “thợ máy” bình thường, những nhà nghiệp dư, cũng có chỗ đứng riêng của họ (Leeuwenhoek xuất thân từ tầng lớp bình dân; cha của ông là một người thợ bán giỏ ở Hà Lan.).
_____
* Robert Hooke (1635-1703) (English):
- Robert Hooke FRS (18 July 1635 – 3 March 1703) was an English natural philosopher, architect and polymath who played an important role in the scientific revolution, through both experimental and theoretical work.
- Robert Hooke and the discovery of the cells (observe slices of cork through a microscope) (science-of-aging.healthaliciousness.com)
- In 1665 Hooke published Micrographia, a book describing his microscopic and telescopic observations, and some original work in biology. Hooke coined the term cell (Latin 'cella' means 'a small room') for describing biological organisms, the term being suggested by the resemblance of plant cells to monks' cells.
_____
* Jan Swammerdam (1637,Amsterdam-1680) (Dutch) (biologist):
- Jan Swammerdam was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. His work on insects demonstrated that the various phases during the life of an insect—egg, larva, pupa, and adult—are different forms of the same animal. As part of his anatomical research, he carried out experiments on muscle contraction. In 1668, he was the first to observe and describe red blood cells.
_____
* Nicolas Steno (1638-1686) (Danish):
- Nicolas Steno was a Danish pioneer in both anatomy and geology. Already in 1659 he decided not to accept anything simply written in a book, instead resolving to do research himself. He is considered the father of geology and stratigraphy (Địa tầng học).
_____
* Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727):
- Sir Isaac Newton PRS was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian.
- His monograph Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, lays the foundations for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation (lực vạn vật hấp dẫn, trọng lực) and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next 3 centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws, by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution.
◎ Isaac Newton's Gravity. How a major new exhibition gets the scientist wrong. (slate.com)
_____
* Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) (German):
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher and mathematician.
_____
* Edward Tyson (1650-1708) (British) (anatomy):
- Edward Tyson was a British scientist and physician, commonly regarded as the founder of modern comparative anatomy, which compares the anatomy between species.
- Năm 1699, Edward Tyson và William Cowper đã công bố kết quả của họ trong việc giải phẫu một con tinh tinh (Orang Outang - Giải phẫu một con vật lùn (Pygmie)). Tyson đã đạt tới ngưỡng cửa của khoa nhân chủng học tự nhiên.
_____
* Thomas Newcomen (1664-1729) (English) (forefather of the Industrial Revolution):
- Thomas Newcomen was an ironmonger by trade and a Baptist lay preacher by calling. He was born in Dartmouth, Devon, England, near a part of the country noted for its tin mines. Flooding was a major problem, limiting the depth at which the mineral could be mined. Newcomen created the first practical steam engine for pumping water, the Newcomen steam engine. Consequently, he can be regarded as a forefather of the Industrial Revolution.
- Thomas Newcomen, English engineer who invented a steam engine, which James Watt later modified and developed.
- Henry Oldenburg (Heinrich) was a German theologian known as a diplomat and a natural philosopher. He was one of the foremost intelligencers of Europe of the 17th century, with a network of correspondents to rival those of Fabri de Peiresc, Marin Mersenne and Ismaël Boulliau. At the foundation of the Royal Society he took on the task of foreign correspondence, as the first Secretary.
_____
* John Graunt (1620-1674) (English) (demographer: Nhà nhân khẩu học):
- John Graunt was one of the first demographers, though by profession he was a haberdasher. Born in London, Graunt, along with William Petty, developed early human statistical and census (sự điều tra dân số; tổng điều tra) methods that later provided a framework for modern demography. He is credited with producing the first life table, giving probabilities of survival to each age. Graunt is also considered as one of the first experts in epidemiology (Dịch tễ học), since his famous book was concerned mostly with public health statistics.
_____
* Sir William Petty (1623-1687) (English) (economist):
- Sir William Petty was an English economist, scientist and philosopher. He first became prominent serving Oliver Cromwell and Commonwealth in Ireland. He developed efficient methods to survey the land that was to be confiscated and given to Cromwell's soldiers. He also managed to remain prominent under King Charles II and King James II, as did many others who had served Cromwell.
_____
 |
| Francesco Redi's experiment |
- Francesco Redi was an Italian physician, naturalist, and poet.
- In 1668, Francesco Redi did an experiment with flies and wide-mouth jars containing meat.
_____
* John Ray (1627-1705) (English) (naturalist):
- John Ray was an English naturalist, sometimes referred to as the father of English natural history. He published important works on botany, zoology, and natural theology. His classification of plants in his Historia Plantarum, was an important step towards modern taxonomy. He was the first to give a biological definition of the term species.
_____
* Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) (Italy) (doctor):
- Marcello Malpighi was an Italian doctor, who gave his name to several physiological features, like the Malpighian tubule system.
- See: Khoa hiển vi học (Sử dụng công cụ kính hiển vi)
- Malpighi đã khám phá ra mao mạch.
_____
* Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695) (Dutch):
 |
| x = Acos(ωt + ψ) |
- In 1656, Huygens invented the first pendulum clock.
◎ schillerinstitute.org La Rouche; The Essential Role of‘Time-Reversal’ in Mathematical Economics
_____
* Antonie Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) (Dutch) (microbiologist):
- Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. He is commonly known as "the Father of Microbiology", and considered to be the first microbiologist. He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology. Using his handcrafted microscopes he was the first to observe and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa (hix, từ này có nghĩa là 'tinh trùng' ạ) and blood flow in capillaries (small blood vessels). Van Leeuwenhoek did not author any books, although he did write many letters.
- Năm 1680, Leeuwenhoek được nhận làm hội viên của Royal Society (Hội Hoàng Gia London). Sự kiện này mở ra một thế giới mới cho các nhà khoa học quốc tế và không có tính hàn lâm mà trong thế giới đó tri thức được thăng tiến không chỉ nhờ những con người nắm giữ tri thức truyền thống. Những người “thợ máy” bình thường, những nhà nghiệp dư, cũng có chỗ đứng riêng của họ (Leeuwenhoek xuất thân từ tầng lớp bình dân; cha của ông là một người thợ bán giỏ ở Hà Lan.).
_____
* Robert Hooke (1635-1703) (English):
 |
| wine cork (nút bần, li-e) |
- Robert Hooke and the discovery of the cells (observe slices of cork through a microscope) (science-of-aging.healthaliciousness.com)
- In 1665 Hooke published Micrographia, a book describing his microscopic and telescopic observations, and some original work in biology. Hooke coined the term cell (Latin 'cella' means 'a small room') for describing biological organisms, the term being suggested by the resemblance of plant cells to monks' cells.
_____
* Jan Swammerdam (1637,Amsterdam-1680) (Dutch) (biologist):
- Jan Swammerdam was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. His work on insects demonstrated that the various phases during the life of an insect—egg, larva, pupa, and adult—are different forms of the same animal. As part of his anatomical research, he carried out experiments on muscle contraction. In 1668, he was the first to observe and describe red blood cells.
_____
* Nicolas Steno (1638-1686) (Danish):
- Nicolas Steno was a Danish pioneer in both anatomy and geology. Already in 1659 he decided not to accept anything simply written in a book, instead resolving to do research himself. He is considered the father of geology and stratigraphy (Địa tầng học).
_____
* Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727):
- Sir Isaac Newton PRS was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian.
- His monograph Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, lays the foundations for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation (lực vạn vật hấp dẫn, trọng lực) and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next 3 centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws, by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution.
◎ Isaac Newton's Gravity. How a major new exhibition gets the scientist wrong. (slate.com)
_____
* Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) (German):
- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a German philosopher and mathematician.
_____
* Edward Tyson (1650-1708) (British) (anatomy):
- Edward Tyson was a British scientist and physician, commonly regarded as the founder of modern comparative anatomy, which compares the anatomy between species.
- Năm 1699, Edward Tyson và William Cowper đã công bố kết quả của họ trong việc giải phẫu một con tinh tinh (Orang Outang - Giải phẫu một con vật lùn (Pygmie)). Tyson đã đạt tới ngưỡng cửa của khoa nhân chủng học tự nhiên.
_____
* Thomas Newcomen (1664-1729) (English) (forefather of the Industrial Revolution):
- Thomas Newcomen was an ironmonger by trade and a Baptist lay preacher by calling. He was born in Dartmouth, Devon, England, near a part of the country noted for its tin mines. Flooding was a major problem, limiting the depth at which the mineral could be mined. Newcomen created the first practical steam engine for pumping water, the Newcomen steam engine. Consequently, he can be regarded as a forefather of the Industrial Revolution.
- Thomas Newcomen, English engineer who invented a steam engine, which James Watt later modified and developed.
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