* Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) (Italy) (humanist):
- Lorenzo (or Laurentius) Valla was an Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator. His family was from Piacenza; his father, Luciave della Valla, was a lawyer.
- Lorenzo Valla is one of the most important humanists in his time. (plato.stanford.edu)
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* Lopo Goncalves (15th century) (Portuguese):
- Lopes Gonçalves was a Portuguese explorer of the Atlantic. He discovered Gabon for Portugal and was the first to cross the Equator in 1473. The Portuguese navigator Lopo Gonçalves first rounded Cape Lopez in 1473. (Gabon là một quốc gia ở Trung Phi. Gabon là 1 trong các quốc gia có đường xích đạo chạy qua. Vị trí của Gabon là khoảng 9 độ kinh Đông.)
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* Ambrogio Calepino (c.1440-1510) (Italy) (lexicographer: nhà từ điển học; như kiểu Đào Duy Anh của nước mình ý!):
- Ambrogio Calepino was an Italian lexicographer. Calepino đã trở thành thuật ngữ tiếng Italy để chỉ cuốn từ điển (dictionary), giống như từ Webster sau này trong tiếng Anh.
* Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States. The name is derived from lexicographer Noah Webster (1758-1843) and has become a genericized trademark for this type of dictionary. Although Merriam-Webster (merriam-webster.com) are descended from the original work of Noah Webster, many other dictionaries bear his name, such as those published by Random House and by John Wiley & Sons.
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* John Cabot (c.1450-c.1499) (Italy) (explorer):
- John Cabot (known in Italian as Giovanni Caboto) was an Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of parts of North America is commonly held to have been the first European voyager to travel to the continent of North America since the Norse Vikings in the 11th century. The official position of the Canadian and United Kingdom governments is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland.
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* Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506):
- Christopher Columbus was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of the "New World."
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* Abraham Zacuto (1452-c.1515):
- Abraham Zacuto was a Sephardi Jewish astronomer, astrologer, mathematician and historian who served as Royal Astronomer in the 15th century to King John II of Portugal. The crater Zagut on the Moon is named after him.Zacuto was born in Salamanca, Spain in 1452. He may have studied and taught astronomy at the University of Salamanca.
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* Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) (Italy):
- Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italian polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination". He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.
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* Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) (Italy):
-Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian explorer, navigator and cartographer. The Americas are generally believed to have derived their name from the feminized Latin version of his first name. (!!!) Amerigo qua đời bởi bệnh sốt rét mà lúc đó chưa có thuốc chữa.
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* Vasco da Gama (c.1460-1524) (Portuguese):
- Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. For a short time in 1524 he was the Governor of Portuguese India, under the title of Viceroy.
- (asij.ac.jp/elementary) Vasco da Gama was born in Sines, Portugal, in 1460, the year Prince Henry of Portugal, more famously known as Henry the Navigator, died. Da Gama’s father was a member of the royal household of Prince Dom Frenoyo, and young Vasco grew up in the town of Lisbon. Estevao da Gama and Isabel Sodr were good parents to Vasco. They made sure that at a young age he learned how to fish, swim and sail. Then at school, between 1484 and 1492 and most probably in the town of Evora, he studied astronomy and navigation.
- 22nd May 1498: Vasco da Gama landed at Calicut, India. He returned to Lisbon in September 1499.
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* Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) (Italy):
- Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. He is one of the main founders of modern political science. He was a diplomat, political philosopher, playwright, and a civil servant of the Florentine Republic. His best-known book was 'The Prince'.
◎ ctbw.com/lubman.htm Niccolo Machiavelli
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* Martin Waldseemuller (c.1470-1520) (German) (cartographer):
- Martin Waldseemüller was a German cartographer. He and Matthias Ringmann are credited with the first recorded usage of the word America, on the 1507 map Universalis Cosmographia in honor of the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci.
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* Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) (Poland):
- Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.
- Copernicus' epochal book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), published just before his death in 1543, is often regarded as the starting point of modern astronomy and the defining epiphany that began the scientific revolution. His heliocentric model, with the Sun at the center of the universe, demonstrated that the observed motions of celestial objects can be explained without putting Earth at rest in the center of the universe. His work stimulated further scientific investigations, becoming a landmark in the history of science that is often referred to as the Copernican Revolution.
- Copernic đã dựa vào lý thuyết về nhận thức của phái Pythagoras. Theo phái Pythagoras, tri thức thuần túy là sự thanh tẩy (catharis) tâm hồn. Nghĩa là vươn lên khỏi bình diện những dữ kiện của giác quan con người. Thực tại bản thể thuần túy chỉ có trong thế giới các con số. Sự cân đối đơn sơ và kỳ diệu của các con số cắt nghĩa cho sự hòa điệu của âm nhạc làm cho ta thấy khoái tai. Chính vì lý do đó họ đã sáng tạo ra các thuật ngữ âm nhạc như quãng tám, quãng năm, quãng bốn, được diễn ra bằng 2:1, 3:1 và 4:3.
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* Michelangelo (1475-1564) (Italy):
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* Vasco Balboa (c.1475-1519) (Spanish) (explorer):
- Vasco Núñez de Balboa was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World.
- He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola. He founded the settlement of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in present-day Colombia in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas.
- see more at enchantedlearning.com
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* Ferdinand Magellan (c.1480-1521) (Portuguese):
- Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).
- Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. (Magellan had, however, traveled eastwards to the Malay Peninsula on an earlier voyage, so he became one of the first explorers to cross all of the meridians of the globe.) Of the 237 men who set out on five ships, only 18 completed the circumnavigation and managed to return to Spain in 1522, led by the Basque Spaniard navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano, who took over command of the expedition after Magellan's death. Seventeen other men arrived later in Spain: twelve men captured by the Portuguese in Cape Verde some weeks earlier and between 1525 and 1527, and five survivors of the Trinidad.
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* Martin Luther (1483-1546) (German) (priest):
- Martin Luther was a German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor.
- See: Augsburg Confession (1530)
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* Las Casas (1484-1566) (Spanish) (about 'Indians'):
- Bartolomé de las Casas O.P. was a 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians".
_____
* Hernando Cortes (1485-1547) (Spanish):
- Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
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* Juan Sebastián Elcano (1486-1526) (Spanish):
- Juan Sebastián Elcano was a Basque Spanish explorer who completed the first circumnavigation of the world. As Ferdinand Magellan's second in command, Elcano took over after Magellan's death in the Philippines.
_____
* Paracelsus (1493-1541) (Swiss) (alchemist, botanist):
- Paracelsus was a Swiss Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer, and general occultist. "Paracelsus", meaning "equal to or greater than Celsus", refers to the Roman encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus from the 1st century, known for his tract on medicine. He is also credited for giving zinc its name, calling it zincum and is regarded as the first systematic botanist.
- Paracelsus đã nghiên cứu về bệnh nghề nghiệp được trình bày trong tác phẩm của ông nhan đề ' Về căn bệnh của thợ mỏ' xuất bản năm 1567 (khi ông đã qua đời).
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* Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554) (German) (botanist):
- Hieronymus Bock was a German botanist, physician, and Lutheran minister who began the transition from medieval botany to the modern scientific worldview by arranging plants by their relation or resemblance.
- Major work by Hieronymus Bock: the book Neu Kreutterbuch (1539) (detailed description & careful illustration about approx. 700 plants)
- Lorenzo (or Laurentius) Valla was an Italian humanist, rhetorician, and educator. His family was from Piacenza; his father, Luciave della Valla, was a lawyer.
- Lorenzo Valla is one of the most important humanists in his time. (plato.stanford.edu)
_____
* Lopo Goncalves (15th century) (Portuguese):
 |
| Cape Lopez, Gabon, Africa |
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* Ambrogio Calepino (c.1440-1510) (Italy) (lexicographer: nhà từ điển học; như kiểu Đào Duy Anh của nước mình ý!):
- Ambrogio Calepino was an Italian lexicographer. Calepino đã trở thành thuật ngữ tiếng Italy để chỉ cuốn từ điển (dictionary), giống như từ Webster sau này trong tiếng Anh.
* Webster's Dictionary is the name given to a common type of English language dictionary in the United States. The name is derived from lexicographer Noah Webster (1758-1843) and has become a genericized trademark for this type of dictionary. Although Merriam-Webster (merriam-webster.com) are descended from the original work of Noah Webster, many other dictionaries bear his name, such as those published by Random House and by John Wiley & Sons.
_____
* John Cabot (c.1450-c.1499) (Italy) (explorer):
- John Cabot (known in Italian as Giovanni Caboto) was an Italian navigator and explorer whose 1497 discovery of parts of North America is commonly held to have been the first European voyager to travel to the continent of North America since the Norse Vikings in the 11th century. The official position of the Canadian and United Kingdom governments is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland.
_____
* Christopher Columbus (c.1451-1506):
- Christopher Columbus was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of the "New World."
_____
* Abraham Zacuto (1452-c.1515):
- Abraham Zacuto was a Sephardi Jewish astronomer, astrologer, mathematician and historian who served as Royal Astronomer in the 15th century to King John II of Portugal. The crater Zagut on the Moon is named after him.Zacuto was born in Salamanca, Spain in 1452. He may have studied and taught astronomy at the University of Salamanca.
_____
* Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) (Italy):
- Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italian polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of "unquenchable curiosity" and "feverishly inventive imagination". He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.
_____
* Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) (Italy):
-Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian explorer, navigator and cartographer. The Americas are generally believed to have derived their name from the feminized Latin version of his first name. (!!!) Amerigo qua đời bởi bệnh sốt rét mà lúc đó chưa có thuốc chữa.
_____
* Vasco da Gama (c.1460-1524) (Portuguese):
 |
| Vasco da Gama's route to Calicut, India (1498) |
- (asij.ac.jp/elementary) Vasco da Gama was born in Sines, Portugal, in 1460, the year Prince Henry of Portugal, more famously known as Henry the Navigator, died. Da Gama’s father was a member of the royal household of Prince Dom Frenoyo, and young Vasco grew up in the town of Lisbon. Estevao da Gama and Isabel Sodr were good parents to Vasco. They made sure that at a young age he learned how to fish, swim and sail. Then at school, between 1484 and 1492 and most probably in the town of Evora, he studied astronomy and navigation.
- 22nd May 1498: Vasco da Gama landed at Calicut, India. He returned to Lisbon in September 1499.
_____
* Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) (Italy):
- Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher, humanist, and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance. He is one of the main founders of modern political science. He was a diplomat, political philosopher, playwright, and a civil servant of the Florentine Republic. His best-known book was 'The Prince'.
◎ ctbw.com/lubman.htm Niccolo Machiavelli
_____
* Martin Waldseemuller (c.1470-1520) (German) (cartographer):
- Martin Waldseemüller was a German cartographer. He and Matthias Ringmann are credited with the first recorded usage of the word America, on the 1507 map Universalis Cosmographia in honor of the Florentine explorer Amerigo Vespucci.
_____
* Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) (Poland):
- Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance astronomer and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.
- Copernicus' epochal book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), published just before his death in 1543, is often regarded as the starting point of modern astronomy and the defining epiphany that began the scientific revolution. His heliocentric model, with the Sun at the center of the universe, demonstrated that the observed motions of celestial objects can be explained without putting Earth at rest in the center of the universe. His work stimulated further scientific investigations, becoming a landmark in the history of science that is often referred to as the Copernican Revolution.
- Copernic đã dựa vào lý thuyết về nhận thức của phái Pythagoras. Theo phái Pythagoras, tri thức thuần túy là sự thanh tẩy (catharis) tâm hồn. Nghĩa là vươn lên khỏi bình diện những dữ kiện của giác quan con người. Thực tại bản thể thuần túy chỉ có trong thế giới các con số. Sự cân đối đơn sơ và kỳ diệu của các con số cắt nghĩa cho sự hòa điệu của âm nhạc làm cho ta thấy khoái tai. Chính vì lý do đó họ đã sáng tạo ra các thuật ngữ âm nhạc như quãng tám, quãng năm, quãng bốn, được diễn ra bằng 2:1, 3:1 và 4:3.
_____
* Michelangelo (1475-1564) (Italy):
_____
* Vasco Balboa (c.1475-1519) (Spanish) (explorer):
- Vasco Núñez de Balboa was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World.
- He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola. He founded the settlement of Santa María la Antigua del Darién in present-day Colombia in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas.
- see more at enchantedlearning.com
_____
* Ferdinand Magellan (c.1480-1521) (Portuguese):
- Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).
- Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. (Magellan had, however, traveled eastwards to the Malay Peninsula on an earlier voyage, so he became one of the first explorers to cross all of the meridians of the globe.) Of the 237 men who set out on five ships, only 18 completed the circumnavigation and managed to return to Spain in 1522, led by the Basque Spaniard navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano, who took over command of the expedition after Magellan's death. Seventeen other men arrived later in Spain: twelve men captured by the Portuguese in Cape Verde some weeks earlier and between 1525 and 1527, and five survivors of the Trinidad.
_____
* Martin Luther (1483-1546) (German) (priest):
- Martin Luther was a German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money. He confronted indulgence salesman Johann Tetzel with his Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the emperor.
- See: Augsburg Confession (1530)
_____
* Las Casas (1484-1566) (Spanish) (about 'Indians'):
- Bartolomé de las Casas O.P. was a 16th-century Spanish historian, social reformer and Dominican friar. He became the first resident Bishop of Chiapas, and the first officially appointed "Protector of the Indians".
_____
* Hernando Cortes (1485-1547) (Spanish):
- Hernán Cortés was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
_____
* Juan Sebastián Elcano (1486-1526) (Spanish):
- Juan Sebastián Elcano was a Basque Spanish explorer who completed the first circumnavigation of the world. As Ferdinand Magellan's second in command, Elcano took over after Magellan's death in the Philippines.
_____
* Paracelsus (1493-1541) (Swiss) (alchemist, botanist):
- Paracelsus was a Swiss Renaissance physician, botanist, alchemist, astrologer, and general occultist. "Paracelsus", meaning "equal to or greater than Celsus", refers to the Roman encyclopedist Aulus Cornelius Celsus from the 1st century, known for his tract on medicine. He is also credited for giving zinc its name, calling it zincum and is regarded as the first systematic botanist.
- Paracelsus đã nghiên cứu về bệnh nghề nghiệp được trình bày trong tác phẩm của ông nhan đề ' Về căn bệnh của thợ mỏ' xuất bản năm 1567 (khi ông đã qua đời).
_____
* Hieronymus Bock (1498-1554) (German) (botanist):
- Hieronymus Bock was a German botanist, physician, and Lutheran minister who began the transition from medieval botany to the modern scientific worldview by arranging plants by their relation or resemblance.
- Major work by Hieronymus Bock: the book Neu Kreutterbuch (1539) (detailed description & careful illustration about approx. 700 plants)
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