Who (19th century)

Braille letters

* Louis Braille (1809-1852) (French):
- Louis Braille was the inventor of braille, a system of reading and writing used by people who are blind and visually impaired. One reads braille by passing one's fingers over characters, each of which is an arrangement of one to six embossed points. The system has been adapted for languages worldwide.
- Louis Braille là một Gutenberg của người mù. Những người khiếm thị trong thế giới phương Tây vẫn đang đi theo con đường dẫn tới máy in do cậu bé thông minh người Pháp này sáng chế ra. Ở thế kỷ 20, kỹ thuật ghi âm đã tạo khả năng cho những “sách biết nói” - vốn là một trong những mục tiêu của Edison khi ông sáng chế ra máy đĩa hát. Nhưng vẫn chưa có phương pháp nào thay thế được một cách thỏa mãn sáng chế của Braille. Cuối thế kỷ 20, Thư Viện Quốc Hội Mỹ thông qua Phòng Thư Viện Quốc Gia Cho Người Khiếm Thị và Khuyết Tật, đã cống hiến trên 30.000 cuốn sách dưới nhiều dạng và hằng năm vẫn chuyển dịch khoảng 2.000 cuốn mới và 1.000 tạp chí hiện có sang sách bằng chữ Braille.
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* Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) (English) (naturalist) (natural selection):
- Charles Robert Darwin FRS was an English naturalist. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestry, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species.
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* Karl Heinrich Marx (1818-1883) (German) (philosopher):
- Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, sociologist, historian, political economist, political theorist, journalist and revolutionary socialist, who developed the socio-political theory of Marxism. His ideas have since played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement. He published various books during his lifetime, with the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Capital (1867–1894), many of which were co-written with his friend, the fellow German revolutionary socialist Friedrich Engels (1820-1895).
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* John Ruskin (1819-1900) (English) (artist):
- John Ruskin was an English art critic and social thinker, also remembered as a poet and artist. His essays on art and architecture were extremely influential in the Victorian and Edwardian eras.
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* Heinrich Schliemann (1822-1890) (German) (businessman):
- Heinrich Schliemann was a German businessman and amateur archaeologist, and an advocate (người biện hộ, người bào chữa) of the historical reality of places mentioned in the works of Homer. Schliemann was an archaeological excavator of Troy, along with the Mycenaean sites Mycenae and Tiryns. His work lent weight to the idea that Homer's Iliad and Virgil's Aeneid reflect actual historical events.
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* Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) (French):
- Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist born in Dole. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases. His discoveries reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and he created the first vaccine for rabies and anthrax. His experiments supported the germ theory of disease. He was best known to the general public for inventing a method to stop milk and wine from causing sickness, a process that came to be called pasteurization. He is regarded as one of the three main founders of microbiology, together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch.
- Phương pháp bảo quản sữa của Louis Pasteur.
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* Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) (British) (naturalist; biogeography):
- Alfred Russel Wallace, OM, FRS was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist. He is best known for independently proposing a theory of evolution due to natural selection that prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own theory.
- Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago, where he identified the Wallace Line that divides the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts, one in which animals closely related to those of Australia are common, and one in which the species are largely of Asian origin. He was considered the 19th century's leading expert on the geographical distribution of animal species and is sometimes called the "father of biogeography". Wallace was one of the leading evolutionary thinkers of the 19th century and made a number of other contributions to the development of evolutionary theory besides being co-discoverer of natural selection. These included the concept of warning colouration in animals, and the Wallace effect, a hypothesis on how natural selection could contribute to speciation by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridization.
- Alfred Russel Wallace được lịch sử nhìn nhận là đồng tác giả với Darwin về sự đào thải tự nhiên (1858). Ông là một tương phản sống động với Darwin. Sinh ra trong một gia đình nghèo với chín người con ở Monmouthshire miền nam xứ Gan, theo học trung học được ít năm rồi bỏ dở lúc 14 tuổi, sau đó tự học qua việc đọc sách. Khi còn là thiếu niên, cậu được đi thăm Luân Đôn, thường xuyên lui tới “Câu lạc bộ khoa học” ở đường Tottenham Court, tại đây ông theo chủ nghĩa xã hội và “chủ nghĩa thế tục” của Robert Owen, một chủ nghĩa hoài nghi mọi tôn giáo. Ông kiếm sống cùng với anh mình bằng nghề đo đạc tập sự, rồi tự học để trở thành một giáo viên ở Leicester. Tại đây ông may mắn được gặp Henry Walter Bates (1825-1892), một người say mê Homer, Gibbon và một nhà côn trùng học nghiệp dư. Bates và Wallace mau chóng trở thành bạn thân và cùng nhau đi rảo khắp miền quê sưu tầm những con bọ cánh rừng.
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* Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895) (English) (biologist):
- Thomas Henry Huxley PC FRS was an English biologist, known as "Darwin's Bulldog" for his advocacy of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
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* Sir Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) (English) (anthropologist: Nhà nhân loại học):
- Sir Edward Burnett Tylor was an English anthropologist. Tylor is representative of cultural evolutionism. In his works Primitive Culture and Anthropology, he defined the context of the scientific study of anthropology, based on the evolutionary theories of Charles Lyell. He believed that there was a functional basis for the development of society and religion, which he determined was universal. E. B. Tylor is considered by many to be a founding figure of the science of social anthropology, and his scholarly works are seen as important and lasting contributions to the discipline of anthropology that was beginning to take shape in the 19th century. He believed that research into the history and prehistory of man could be used as a basis for the reform of British society.
- CULTURE
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* William Morris (1834-1896) (English) (designer):

William Morris textile

- William Morris was an English textile designer, artist, writer, and socialist associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the English Arts and Crafts Movement. He founded a design firm in partnership with the artist Edward Burne-Jones, and the poet and artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti which profoundly influenced the decoration of churches and houses into the early 20th century. He was also a major contributor to reviving traditional textile arts and methods of production, and one of the founders of the SPAB, now a statutory element in the preservation of historic buildings in the UK.
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* Sir James A.H. Murray (1837-1915) (Scottish) (lexicographer):
- Sir James Augustus Henry Murray was a Scottish lexicographer and philologist. He was the primary editor of the Oxford English Dictionary from 1879 until his death.
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* Edward Whymber (1840-1911) (English) (mountaineer):
- Edward Whymper was an English illustrator, climber and explorer best known for the first ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865. On the descent four members of the party were killed. (Matterhorn is a mountain in the Pennine Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy. Its summit is 4,478 metres  high, making it one of the highest peaks in the Alps.)
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* Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) (German) (psychologist):
- Hermann Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He was also the first person to describe the learning curve. He was the father of the eminent Neo-Kantian philosopher Julius Ebbinghaus.
- The Ebbinghaus illusion was named for its discoverer, the German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus. It was popularised in the English-speaking world by Titchener in a 1901 textbook of experimental psychology, hence its alternative name "Titchener circles".
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* Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof (1859-1917) (Poland) (Esperanto):
- Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof was the inventor of Esperanto, the most successful constructed language designed for international communication.
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* James Joyce (1882-1941) (Irish) (novelist):
- James Augustine Aloysius Joyce was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. Joyce is best known for Ulysses (1922), a landmark novel which perfected his stream of consciousness technique and combined nearly every literary device available in a modern re-telling of The Odyssey.
✍ gutenberg.org/ebooks/4300 Ulysses by James Joyce