ABOUT:
1. (islamic-dictionary.com) Ibn, or bin, means 'son of'. Eg: Ali `ibn` Abi Talib (AS) means Ali `son of` Abi Talib
__________
* Cleopatra VII (69-30 BC):
- Cleopatra VII Philopator was the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. She was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, a family of Greekorigin that ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great's death during the Hellenistic period. The Ptolemies, throughout their dynasty, spoke Greek and refused to speak Egyptian, which is the reason that Greek as well as Egyptian languages were used on official court documents like the Rosetta Stone. By contrast, Cleopatra did learn to speak Egyptian and represented herself as the reincarnation of an Egyptian goddess, Isis.
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* Harun al-Rashid (c.763-809) (Iraq) (reign 786-809)
- Hārūn al-Rashīd (هارون الرشيد) was the 5th Abbasid Caliph in Iraq. He was born in Rey, Iran, close to modern Tehran. He ruled from 786 to 809, and his time was marked by scientific, cultural and religious prosperity. Art and music also flourished significantly during his reign. He established the library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom"). Since Harun was intellectually, politically and militarily resourceful, his life and the court over which he held sway have been the subject of many tales: some are factual but most are believed to be fictitious. An example of what is known to be factual is the story of the clock that was among various presents that Harun had sent to Charlemagne. The presents were carried by the returning Frankish mission that came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Charlemagne and his retinue deemed the clock to be a conjuration for the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked. Among what is known to be fictional is The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, which contains many stories that are fantasized by Harun's magnificent court and even Harun al-Rashid himself.
- The family of Barmakids which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate declined gradually during his rule.
_____
* Al-Kindi (c.801-873):
- Yaʻqūb ibn Isḥāq al-Kindī (يعقوب بن اسحاق الكندي) was a Muslim Arab scientist, philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is best known for his efforts to introduce Greek and Hellenistic philosophy to the Arab world.
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* Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965-c.1040) (optics):
- Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham was an Arab or Persian scientist and polymath. Alhazen made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to physics, astronomy, mathematics, ophthalmology, philosophy, visual perception, and to the scientific method. He was also nicknamed Ptolemaeus Secundus ("Ptolemy the Second") or simply "The Physicist" in medieval Europe. Alhazen wrote insightful commentaries on works by Aristotle, Ptolemy, and the Greek mathematician Euclid.
- See more: Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham's biography (gap-system.org); Ibn al Haytham - The First Scientist - Alhazen Biography (ibnalhaytham.net)
_____
* Al-Biruni (973-1048) (Nhà Bác học Al-Biruni):
- Al-Biruni (born 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died 1048 in Ghazni) was a Persian Muslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century. He is considered as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in mathematics, astronomy, physical and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a geographer, historian, chronologist and linguist. He is also considered as impartial writer on custom and creeds of various nations and was given the title al-Ustdadh ("The Master"). According to Francis Robinson, Al-Biruni earned the "founder of Indology" and "first anthropologist" titles for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India.
_____
* Ibn Battuta (1304-c.1369) (Morocco) (Islam) (traveller):
- Hajji Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta, or simply Ibn Battuta, was a Moroccan Berber Islamic scholar and traveller known for the record of his travels and excursions published in the Rihla (literally, "The Journey"). His journeys spanned nearly 30 years and covered almost the entire known Islamic world and beyond, extending from North Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, to the Middle East, Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance far surpassing that of his predecessors and his near-contemporary Marco Polo. On account of the Rihla, Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time.He travelled more than 121,000 km, a figure unlikely to have been surpassed by any traveller until the coming of the Steam Age some 450 years later.
- Ibn Battuta sinh ra tại Tangier, Morocco. Có thể gọi ông là một Macco Polo (c.1254-1324) của thế giới Arab.
1. (islamic-dictionary.com) Ibn, or bin, means 'son of'. Eg: Ali `ibn` Abi Talib (AS) means Ali `son of` Abi Talib
__________
* Cleopatra VII (69-30 BC):
- Cleopatra VII Philopator was the last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. She was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, a family of Greekorigin that ruled Egypt after Alexander the Great's death during the Hellenistic period. The Ptolemies, throughout their dynasty, spoke Greek and refused to speak Egyptian, which is the reason that Greek as well as Egyptian languages were used on official court documents like the Rosetta Stone. By contrast, Cleopatra did learn to speak Egyptian and represented herself as the reincarnation of an Egyptian goddess, Isis.
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| Princesse Shéhérazade cartoon France 2 (1999) |
* Harun al-Rashid (c.763-809) (Iraq) (reign 786-809)
- Hārūn al-Rashīd (هارون الرشيد) was the 5th Abbasid Caliph in Iraq. He was born in Rey, Iran, close to modern Tehran. He ruled from 786 to 809, and his time was marked by scientific, cultural and religious prosperity. Art and music also flourished significantly during his reign. He established the library Bayt al-Hikma ("House of Wisdom"). Since Harun was intellectually, politically and militarily resourceful, his life and the court over which he held sway have been the subject of many tales: some are factual but most are believed to be fictitious. An example of what is known to be factual is the story of the clock that was among various presents that Harun had sent to Charlemagne. The presents were carried by the returning Frankish mission that came to offer Harun friendship in 799. Charlemagne and his retinue deemed the clock to be a conjuration for the sounds it emanated and the tricks it displayed every time an hour ticked. Among what is known to be fictional is The Book of One Thousand and One Nights, which contains many stories that are fantasized by Harun's magnificent court and even Harun al-Rashid himself.
- The family of Barmakids which played a deciding role in establishing the Abbasid Caliphate declined gradually during his rule.
_____
* Al-Kindi (c.801-873):
- Yaʻqūb ibn Isḥāq al-Kindī (يعقوب بن اسحاق الكندي) was a Muslim Arab scientist, philosopher, mathematician, physician, and musician. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim peripatetic philosophers, and is best known for his efforts to introduce Greek and Hellenistic philosophy to the Arab world.
_____
* Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965-c.1040) (optics):
- Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham was an Arab or Persian scientist and polymath. Alhazen made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to physics, astronomy, mathematics, ophthalmology, philosophy, visual perception, and to the scientific method. He was also nicknamed Ptolemaeus Secundus ("Ptolemy the Second") or simply "The Physicist" in medieval Europe. Alhazen wrote insightful commentaries on works by Aristotle, Ptolemy, and the Greek mathematician Euclid.
- See more: Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham's biography (gap-system.org); Ibn al Haytham - The First Scientist - Alhazen Biography (ibnalhaytham.net)
_____
* Al-Biruni (973-1048) (Nhà Bác học Al-Biruni):
- Al-Biruni (born 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died 1048 in Ghazni) was a Persian Muslim scholar and polymath of the 11th century. He is considered as one of the greatest scholars of the medieval Islamic era and was well versed in mathematics, astronomy, physical and natural sciences, and also distinguished himself as a geographer, historian, chronologist and linguist. He is also considered as impartial writer on custom and creeds of various nations and was given the title al-Ustdadh ("The Master"). According to Francis Robinson, Al-Biruni earned the "founder of Indology" and "first anthropologist" titles for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India.
_____
* Ibn Battuta (1304-c.1369) (Morocco) (Islam) (traveller):
- Hajji Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta, or simply Ibn Battuta, was a Moroccan Berber Islamic scholar and traveller known for the record of his travels and excursions published in the Rihla (literally, "The Journey"). His journeys spanned nearly 30 years and covered almost the entire known Islamic world and beyond, extending from North Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, to the Middle East, Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance far surpassing that of his predecessors and his near-contemporary Marco Polo. On account of the Rihla, Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time.He travelled more than 121,000 km, a figure unlikely to have been surpassed by any traveller until the coming of the Steam Age some 450 years later.
- Ibn Battuta sinh ra tại Tangier, Morocco. Có thể gọi ông là một Macco Polo (c.1254-1324) của thế giới Arab.
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